模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法可以在保留数据原始信息的基础上有效地降低数据维度，从而将影响地下水质的多因子简化为几个综合因子，但对地下水的综合水质状况无法直接表达；模糊综合评价法能直接给出水体综合水质情况结论，但评价因子多为人为选取，存在较强的主观性。以辽宁思山岭矿区地下水水质现状评价为例，利用主成分分析法选取影响各断面水质的关键因子，将其作为模糊综合评价的评价因子，建立了模糊?主成分分析综合评价法的地下水水质耦合评价模型。研究结果表明，该模型能很好地体现分析因子对评价结果带来的影响，使得评价结果更科学、合理。     

BP人工神经网络模型在西鞍山铁矿地下水水质评价中的应用

以西鞍山铁矿为例,采用BP人工神经网络模型对区内12个监测点的水质进行评价。以枯水期水质监测的主成分总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、铁和锰、硝酸盐、氟化物指标作为评价因子,建立地下水评价指标体系,并将评价结果与模糊综合评价法及综合质量评价法的评价结果比较。结果表明,8、9、10、11号监测点属于Ⅰ类水,1、2、3、4、6、7、12号监测点属于Ⅱ类水,5号监测点属于Ⅲ类水,西鞍山铁矿的开采未对地下水造成影响;该方法与模糊综合评价法及综合质量评价法的评价结果基本一致,可以客观、合理性地评价水质。     

改进模糊综合评价和主颜色提取模型对河道黑臭独立评价

为实现水体黑度和臭度的独立评价,以四川省11个市17条黑臭或曾黑臭的河道为研究对象,利用相关性分析法、主成分分析法,提取出影响河道水体黑度和臭度的特征因子,采用改进模糊综合评价法和基于K-均值聚类的主颜色提取法搭建出黑臭程度独立评价模型。结果表明：影响河道水体发黑的特征因子是总铁、COD和DO;影响河道水体发臭的特征因子是COD、NH₃-N、TP和DO;改进模糊综合评价和主颜色提取模型对河道黑度和臭度的独立评价与实测值误差基本在一个等级以内的准确率为85.7%。河道的黑臭程度独立评价模型的确定能够实现对城市河道水质更为客观与快速的评价,为黑臭水体针对性治理与水质提升提供理论依据。     

湘江流域永州段水质和水文气象因素变化规律及其相关分析

为推进湘江流域永州段水资源保护,加强水质预测,利用2014—2018年冷水滩断面水文气象和水质监测数据,基于相关分析、主成分分析等多元统计方法,研究分析了湘江冷水滩断面水质、水文气象因素变化规律以及两者的相关关系、量化关系。结果表明:该地区水文气象因素对水质影响最大,水质与水文气象因素之间的相关关系显著,水文气象因素是影响湘江流域水质的重要因素;溶解氧与水温、降水量呈线性回归关系,高锰酸盐指数与水位呈线性回归关系,高锰酸盐指数拟合回归方程的精度略低于溶解氧拟合回归方程。     

喻家湖水质时空分布特征和影响因子分析

通过设计合理的水质监测网,采用多元统计分析,并结合地理信息技术对武汉市喻家湖在2011年-2012年期间12个监测点、13个水质参数监测值进行水质时空分布特征研究.结果表明,喻家湖13个水质指标概括为4个主成分:第一主成分代表喻家湖的重金属污染,第二主成分代表其富营养化水平,第三主成分代表有机污染程度,第四主成分间接指示富营养化程度;在时间和空间变化上都可分为二组,显著性指标的时空差异较明显,水质污染程度从南至北逐渐减弱,湖溪河是喻家湖的最主要污染源.并对水质参数,监测点位和频次进行了优化.     

基于WASP 7模型的水质模拟应用——以淮沭新河东海段为例

应用WASP 7模型的EUTRO子模块对淮沭新河东海段的溶解氧(DO)和化学需氧量(COD)指标进行模拟研究,采用2014年与2015年的水文、水质数据进行模型参数率定,并以2016年1月—2017年9月的水质数据进行验证,验证结果为DO和COD的模拟值与实际值的相对误差分别能控制在15%和10%以内,线性回归分析结论显示相关系数R2均在0.9以上,表明两者的吻合度较高。     

黔江区饮用水源地水质模糊综合评价研究

采用模糊综合评价模型的最大隶属及加权平均原则对黔江城区饮用水水源地(小南海水库、城北水库和洞塘水库)水质进行评价,并将评价结果与常规单因素分析法、富营养化评价的结果作对比分析。研究表明,采用最大隶属原则评价显示3个水源地的水质基本保持在Ⅱ类以上,采用隶属度加权平均原则评价水质结果为1.47级,而单因子评价结果显示3个水源地水质结果均为Ⅲ类以上。另外,模糊综合评价结果与富营养化评价结果相一致,说明模糊综合评价模型评价结果更直观、连续。     

不同水质评价方法在丹江口流域水质评价中应用比较

采用合理的水质评价方法,准确地描述河流水质状况,才能为水质管理提供治理方案。以丹江口水源地为例,选用单因子指数评价方法、综合污染指数评价方法、模糊综合评判法、主成分分析法、水污染指数法对丹江口水源地7个河流断面进行水质评价并对比评价效果。结果表明,水污染指数法操作简便、评价结果直观明了,具有广泛的应用范围。     

宁夏彭阳水质监测断面的水质评价及预测

基于2011—2015年茹河彭阳水质监测断面的水质数据,采用物元分析法对其断面水质进行评价;建立适用于该监测断面的马尔可夫预测模型对断面水质类别进行预测;同时依据平稳分布对各类水质的重现期作了分析。结果表明:彭阳水质监测断面水质为Ⅲ类;对马尔可夫链预测模型进行验证,满足预测精度;2015年9月和11月的水质类别预测结果均为Ⅲ类,且Ⅲ类水质出现的周期最短,属河流水质常态,其重现期为4.9个月,整体水质较好。     

北京市妫水河水质现状评价

2017年分3个时期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)采集妫水河及其支流12个断面表层水样,分析了COD、氨氮、TP、DO、pH值等水质指标,采用单因子评价法、水污染指数法、主成分分析法和模糊综合评价法对水质进行评价,根据4种水质评价方法的评价结果,分析4种方法在小流域河流评价中的适用性。结果表明:目前妫水河12个断面中S2、S10和Z2 3个断面水质较差,基本属于地表Ⅴ类水,污染程度为重度污染;其他9个断面水质等级为地表Ⅳ类水,污染程度为中度污染;中段世园会段水质较好,优于上段和下段,主要污染指标为COD;妫水河主要污染源于农业和生活,枯水期水质优于平水期和丰水期。水污染指数法更适合小流域水体水质的定性定量评价,且计算方便简单。     

我国沙尘暴灾害及其治理对策初步研究

分析研究了沙尘暴的成因、时空分布、发展趋势及造成的灾害，结合国外经验提出了我国治理的对策建议。     

Dissipation and residue of metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil

A simple and accurate method of determining metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil was developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. The limits of detection were 0.015 mg/kg for metalaxyl and 0.003 mg/kg for cymoxanil. The limits of quantification were 0.05 mg/kg for metalaxyl in pepper and soil as well as 0.01 mg/kg for cymoxanil in pepper and soil. Recoveries of pepper and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and ranged within 77.52 to 102.05 % for metalaxyl and 87.15 to 103.21 % for cymoxanil, with relative standard deviations below 9.30 %. For field experiments, the half-lives of metalaxyl were 3.2 to 3.9 days in pepper and 4.4 to 9.5 days in soil at the three experimental locations in China. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain metalaxyl and cymoxanil well below the maximum residue limit MRLs of the European Union (EU) following the recommended dosage and the interval of 21 days after last application.     

Determination and study on dissipation and residue of bismerthiazol and its metabolite in Chinese cabbage and soil

A simple and accurate method for the determination of bismerthiazol and its metabolite 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was developed in Chinese cabbage and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection in this study. The limits of detection were 0.06 mg/kg for bismerthiazol and 0.03 mg/kg for 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, respectively. Recoveries of cabbage and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and were in the range of 84.0–96.0 % for bismerthiazol and 71.0–74.6 % for 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, with relative standard deviations below 7.0 %. For field experiments, the half-life of bismerthiazol was 2.4–2.5 days in Chinese cabbage and 2.5–4.8 days in soil at the two experimental locations in China. Dissipation residues of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole were lower than 0.72 mg/kg. Terminal residues of bismerthiazol and its metabolite were less than 3.0 and 0.3 mg/kg in Chinese cabbage, respectively. No bismerthiazol or metabolite residues were detected in soil on days 5, 7, 10, and 14 after the last spraying at the two dosage levels.     

Residues and dissipation of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in tomatoes and soil

A simple residue analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure for the determination of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid (CGA321113) in tomato and soil was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The limits of detection were 0.0005 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin and 0.001 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin acid, respectively. The average recoveries in tomato and soil ranged from 73–99 % for trifloxystrobin and 75–109 % for trifloxystrobin acid, with relative standard deviations below 15 %. The method was then used to study the dissipation and residues in tomato and soil. The dissipation half-lives of trifloxystrobin in tomato were 2.9 days (Beijing) and 5.4 days (Shandong), while in soil were 1.9 days (Beijing) and 3.0 days (Shandong), respectively. The final results showed that the major residue compound was trifloxystrobin in tomato whereas it was its metabolite, trifloxystrobin acid, in soil. The final residues of total trifloxystrobin (including trifloxystrobin acid) were below the EU maximum residue limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1 in tomato 3 days after the treatment.     

新疆室内环境污染监测和治理工作现状与建议

针对目前室内环境监测工作出现的种种问题，就如何规范的开展室内环境监测工作，更好地为社会提供真实、准确、有效的监测数据，本文提出相关的探讨。     

Disembodied and Disembedded? The Social and Economic Implications of Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity

The social and economic implications of atmospheric change on biodiversity need to be seen in a global context of major shifts in the conceptualization and management of our relationship with nature. Traditionally, we have conceptualized the atmosphere and the other creatures of the biosphere as separate from the human, but their quasi-autonomy is now becoming subject to more and more human management. This raises not only economic issues, but social, political, and ethical concerns that will have substantial influence on public policy. Among these are the commodification of genetic material; the privatization of traditional knowledge; and the management of information. In this broader context, the paper examines an array of current and proposed strategies of response to changes in biodiversity as a result of climatic and other stresses.     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity: Co-Networks and Networking

Canada responded to the Global Biodiversity Convention by completing the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy in 1995. At the same time, Environment Canada also completed a national Science Assessment on Biodiversity. During this period, the Smithsonian Institution, in partnership with Parks and Environment Canada, initiated the implementation of a global biodiversity monitoring program in Canada. Under the auspices of the United Nations Man and the Biosphere Program, the SI/MAB monitoring protocols and plots have spread across Canada at an unprecedented rate. National champions in the science and educational sectors, working within an inter-disciplinary ecological framework, have guided the development, education, quality control and sharing of atmosphere-biodiversity observations electronically.Atmospheric-Biodiversity Networks and Networking have traditionally operated within separate mandates with little degree of integration. Air-Bio Networks were designed within an integrated framework to better understand the atmospheric stress on biodiversity and the adaptation actions, nationally and regionally. Detailed examples of the cumulative effects of climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, ground-level ozone, suspended particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants on biodiversity will be discussed using a Southern Ontario case study. In addition, recommendations will be presented for future paired SI/MAB plots, linked networks and networking for adaptation within the context of climate, chemical and ecological gradients.     

太原市冬、夏季醛酮化合物污染特征及来源分析

针对太原市空气臭氧污染较为严重的问题,开展臭氧主要前体物醛酮化合物质量浓度及其变化规律研究.利用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法,通过对太原市2019年冬季和夏季大气的醛酮化合物进行分析,发现太原市冬季总醛酮化合物的平均质量浓度为13μg/m3,低于夏季的27μg/m3.其中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮质量浓度最高,且...     

Lake destratification and speciation of iron and manganese

A long-term study of the effect of artificial aeration (destratification) of a water storage dam upon the speciation of iron and manganese in the dam waters has been undertaken. Separation of dam samples into soluble and insoluble forms by selective membrane filtration was undertaken before using the techniques of EPR spectroscopy, ion chromatography and gel filtration to assess the speciation of soluble species, and selective extraction and surface analysis (ESCA, SIMS and SEM) techniques to determine the speciation of particulate iron and manganese species. The percentages of soluble iron and manganese before (1983–85) and after (1986–88) artificial aeration are compared for the periods Jan–Dec, Jan–Mar, and Jun–Aug at three depths 6 m, 15 m and 0.5 m above the dam base, to assess the importance of seasonal changes in the various depths of the dam. Although aeration had an initial marked reduction in levels of soluble iron and manganese at all depths of the dam, the concentrations of these mtals showed a steady increase over succeeding years. Analysis of the figures over summer and winter periods shows that the reduction of soluble iron was maintained in summer, but not during winter. Upon aeration, the initial reduction of soluble manganese concentration was maintained in succeeding years in the epilimnic regions of the dam, but not in the hypolimnion. Statistical analysis of data has been undertaken to correlate the changes in relationship between the various forms of iron and manganese with the advent of aeration.