基于遥感技术的生态保护红线区域监测与评价——以盐城沿海地区为例

从生态保护红线区域监管需求出发,利用遥感技术建立生态保护红线区域监测方法,并采用生态保护红线区域自然生态系统构成及变化、生态景观平均斑块面积变化和NDVI植被指数变化3个评价指标,对江苏省盐城沿海地区2012—2013年各类型生态保护红线区域生态环境变化进行了评价。结果表明,水源水质保护和生物多样性保护红线区域生态环境质量综合指数相对较高;桑蚕品种多样性保护红线区域自然生态系统类型占比较低,生态景观较为破碎,生态环境质量综合指数相对较低;大部分生态红线区域生态环境质量保持稳定。     

"十四五"生态质量评价办法应用研究与讨论——以江苏省宜兴市为例

2021年,生态环境部发布了《区域生态质量评价办法（试行）》,明确规定了生态质量评价的指标体系、数据要求和评价方法,适用于县级及以上区域。将江苏省宜兴市作为研究区,综合应用地理信息、卫星遥感与生物多样性数据,依据《区域生态质量评价办法（试行）》,从生态格局、生态功能、生物多样性和生态胁迫等方面开展评价研究。结果表明,该方法具有较强的可行性与适用性,能够更为全面、科学、准确地反映生态质量;2021年,宜兴市生态质量指数（EQI）为62.7,生态质量类别为“二类”。该研究结果可为地方生态环境监测部门开展生态质量评价工作提供参考。     

浅谈生态保护红线区生态系统管理研究概念框架

简述了生态保护红线管理制度的探索实践。提出了生态系统管理的概念框架,包括范围划定、管控分级、目标设定、动态监测、综合分析、管理策略和反馈优化7个方面;识别了生态系统管理中存在的3个关键问题:概念界定、管理方式和保障制度。指出生态保护红线是重点生态功能区、生态环境敏感区和脆弱区等区域划定的严格管控边界,是国家和区域生态安全的底线。要在分析区域生态系统的承载力的基础上,识别重要生态功能区域,进一步辨析生态保护红线的概念;应构建国家层面的生态系统管理方式,以利于红线区管理的整体性;要健全奖惩和补偿机制,引导公众参与生态保护红线的划定、管理和监督工作。     

基于水生态环境质量综合指数评价徐州河流

采用水生态环境质量综合指数对徐州市11个国控河流断面水环境质量进行评价。结果表明,各断面处于轻度污染到优秀级别,徐州市河流水生态质量整体良好。Spearman相关性分析显示各分指数中,水化学指标赋值与大型底栖动物赋值显著相关,着生藻类赋值与生境指标赋值负相关。指出,水生态环境综合评价指数弥补了单纯化学指标或单纯生物指标评价水质不够全面的问题,首次加入生境指标,体现了环境管理从指标控制到生态保护思路的转变。提出,对于水生态环境综合评价指数分指数化学因子、生物因子的评价指数如何选取,还需进一步完善。     

塔里木河重要生态功能区生态环境质量评价

采用长时间多源遥感数据对塔里木河重要生态功能区进行了土地利用变化、植被指数分析,同时结合多年地面调查监测数据,系统分析了区域生态环境变化情况,并对近五年区域生态环境质量开展了评价,环境质量变化值ΔI为2.58,生态环境质量略有下降,其中环境状况指标和植被覆盖率指数起主导作用。     

广西防城港市生态质量气象评价

以广西防城港市各区(县、市)为研究对象,应用生态质量气象评价方法,选取湿润指数、植被覆盖指数、水体密度指数、土地退化指数、灾害指数5个指标,通过计算生态环境综合指数,对防城港市生态质量进行评价。结果表明:防城港市最近10年生态质量评定级别为良好,植被覆盖度较好,降水充足,生物多样性较好,适合人类生存,评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性,对城市建设和环境管理等方面具有一定的参考价值及科学依据。     

基于农业面源污染风险区的生态保护红线优化方法分析

将农业面源污染风险区划入生态保护红线中，防范由此导致的饮用水水源富营养化现象，是值得深入探讨的科学问题。以南水北调中线重要水源地丹江口水库流域十堰段为例，基于农业面源污染风险区的识别，通过情景分析探讨生态保护红线优化方法，改善区域生态环境，推动绿色发展。结果表明：将农业面源污染极高风险区划入生态保护红线，区域氮、磷流失削减率可分别达35.9%和26.33%,在一定程度上增强了生态系统连通性，且人口生态压力指数较小(0.23),可统筹生态效益和经济效益的发展。研究结果有望为存在农业面源污染风险的丘陵山区提供一种红线优化新思路。     

新疆生态环境质量综合评价研究

合适的评价指标体系对正确评价区域的生态环境质量起关键的决定性作用。本文综合前人的研究成果，应用RS和GIS技术，采用综合指数评价法，对全疆区域的生态环境质量进行评价、排序及分级，由此得出符合实际的全疆生态环境质量状况。结果表明，全疆生态环境质量总体较差，北疆生态环境质量优于南疆，北疆西部生态环境质量优于北疆东部地区。     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于"天-空-地"一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18. 73%和5. 24%,2010年得分最低(41. 97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81. 63%,2015年得分为76. 23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路。     

准噶尔盆地生态系统优先性评价

生态系统是生物多样性的重要组成部分,更是物种多样性和遗传多样性赖以维持和保存的基础。为了有效地保护准噶尔盆地区域内的生态系统,综合应用生态学理论、植被长期研究成果和地理信息系统技术,总结了准噶尔盆地内生态系统类型,分析了各类生态系统特征和空间分布规律,探索了一种生态系统保护优先性评价方法,以期为区域生态保护建设提供依据...     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂质量对测砷的影响

用简单合成了二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂，并比较了自制和市售的二乙氨基二硫人 银对测砷的影响。结果表明，采用自制的二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银能大大降低试剂空白，提高方法的灵敏度和降低检出限，试剂质量明显优于市售产品。     

氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂光度法测定水质氨氮的测量不确定度评定,应该考虑工作曲线、测量重复性、标准溶液、仪器读数分辨率等对测量的影响.     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

污染物总量控制中载体水流量的测定

示踪剂法测定河水流量是较为准确的办法 ,利用河流动力模型计算出示踪剂投放点 ,利用示踪剂投放量与测定浓度之间的关系可方便地获得河水流量结果