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区域环境风险评估研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简述了区域环境风险及区域环境风险评估的内涵,以及国内外区域环境风险评估研究发展进程及现状,指出了现阶段区域环境风险评估存在的问题,提出应重点开展区域环境风险发生机理、定量表征区域环境风险方法等研究的展望。 相似文献
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Locantore NW Tran LT O'Neill RV McKinnis PW Smith ER O'Connell M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2004,94(1-3):249-261
The U.S. Environmental Protections Agency's (U.S. EPA) Regional Vulnerability Assessment(ReVA) program has focused much of its research over the last five years on developing and evaluating integration methods for spatial data. An initial strategic priority was to use existing data from monitoring programs, model results, and other spatial data. Because most of these data were not collected with an intention of integrating into a regional assessment of conditions and vulnerabilities, issues exist that may preclude the use of some methods or require some sort of data preparation. Additionally, to support multi-criteria decision-making, methods need to be able to address a series of assessment questions that provide insights into where environmental risks are a priority. This paper provides an overview of twelve spatial integration methods that can be applied towards regional assessment, along with preliminary results as to how sensitive each method is to data issues that will likely be encountered with the use of existing data. 相似文献
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环境生态风险评估(ERA)流程已经被纳入全球环境政策中,既用于规范新化学物质的授权和营销(前瞻性环境生态风险评估),也用于评估潜在的污染场地(回顾性环境生态风险评估)。将土壤生态毒理学应用于风险评估,能阐明有毒物质对土壤生态系统中生命有机体的危害程度与范围。笔者主要介绍了应用评估因子法和物种敏感度分布法对基于效应数据进行的外推与估算,并综述了欧美等主要国家和地区的土壤生态风险评估框架、相关法律法规及其实施情况等,为中国开展土壤污染物生态毒理效应和风险评估等相关研究提供参考。 相似文献
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首先从理论上研究了用可靠性理论进行区域环境质量风险评价需要解决的几个基本问题,在此基础上,构建了环境污染故障树和区域环境质量风险评价的数学模型.这是一种以概率为基础的、新的区域环境质量风险评价模型,对于研究污染型工业系统的环境质量风险具有重要意义. 相似文献
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Cultural heritage is being addressed by a number of charters and conventions and it is clear that its consideration within decision-making processes is progressively becoming a real challenge, both for developers and public authorities. Against this background, this paper reviews the environmental assessment framework developed by the European Community, as this should increasingly influence decision making about cultural heritage in an urban setting. The legislative framework for access to environmental information is also reviewed because of its relevance to the decision-making process.The Directives on Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment both require a consideration of cultural heritage in decision making. This requirement can go some way to addressing the paradox in the European Community's position whereby the community wishes to conserve and enhance its own cultural identity whilst, at the same time, cultural heritage is usually defined at a local level. The present paper suggests that, given their flexibility, the two European Community directives on environmental assessment constitute a promising opportunity to address this seeming paradox, but that there is a significant gap between legal obligations and the methodological tools to meet them. 相似文献
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Using Science to Assess Environmental Vulnerabilities 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Beginning in 1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of Research and Development has focused much of its ecological research in the Mid-Atlantic as part of the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA). The goal of MAIA is to improve the assessability of scientific information in environmental decision-making. Following the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) whose goal is to guide monitoring that effectively reflects current ecosystem condition and trends, MAIA's second, current, phase of research under the Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) program is designed to target risk management activities using available data and models. The papers presented here are from a conference held in May 2003 that presented results of research in this second phase of MAIA. The conference was organized into the following topics: 1. Assessing Current Impacts and Vulnerabilities 2. Forecasting Environmental Condition and Vulnerabilities 3. Developing Management Strategies to Optimize the Future, and 4. Assessing and Responding to Environmental Vulnerability. 相似文献
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High ethyl-benzene and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were found in the soil samples and groundwater samples during a
site environmental assessment for an old paint factory in the city Changchun, Jilin province of China. The target old paint
plant had been in operation for near 30 years by manufacturing resin and house paint. Driving force for this study was to
identify potential environmental contamination existing in this paint factory which is located next to a new resident area
under construction. The assessment result would be used as baseline environmental data input for remediation plan when the
factory site will be changed into potential resident area in near future. The analytical data from the soil samples from different
area of the factory which had high exposure to operation showed that solid waster storage area was contaminated with high
heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) and waster paint storage areas were contaminated with ethyl-benzene, xylene and C9-C30 aromatic
hydrocarbon solvent. The analytical data from the groundwater samples from different area of the factory showed that resin
plant area and waster paint storage areas were contaminated with high concentration of naphthalene, ethyl-benzene and xylene
which exceed the reference standard. Remediation action is recommended. 相似文献
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Lemly AD 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,125(1-3):361-375
This paper gives step-by-step instructions for assessing aquatic selenium hazards associated with mining. The procedure was
developed to provide the U.S. Forest Service with a proactive capability for determining the risk of selenium pollution when
it reviews mine permit applications in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The procedural framework
is constructed in a decision-tree format in order to guide users through the various steps, provide a logical sequence for
completing individual tasks, and identify key decision points. There are five major components designed to gather information
on operational parameters of the proposed mine as well as key aspects of the physical, chemical, and biological environment
surrounding it — geological assessment, mine operation assessment, hydrological assessment, biological assessment, and hazard
assessment. Validation tests conducted at three mines where selenium pollution has occurred confirmed that the procedure will
accurately predict ecological risks. In each case, it correctly identified and quantified selenium hazard, and indicated the
steps needed to reduce this hazard to an acceptable level. By utilizing the procedure, NEPA workers can be confident in their
ability to understand the risk of aquatic selenium pollution and take appropriate action. Although the procedure was developed
for the Forest Service it should also be useful to other federal land management agencies that conduct NEPA assessments, as
well as regulatory agencies responsible for issuing coal mining permits under the authority of the Surface Mining Control
and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) and associated Section 401 water quality certification under the Clean Water Act. Mining companies
will also benefit from the application of this procedure because priority selenium sources can be identified in relation to
specific mine operating parameters. The procedure will reveal the point(s) at which there is a need to modify operating conditions
to meet environmental quality goals. By recognizing concerns early in the NEPA process, it may be possible for a mining company
to match operational parameters with environmental requirements, thereby increasing the likelihood that the permit application
will be approved. 相似文献
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Carlo C. Jaeger 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1998,3(4):211-225
Integrated Assessment (IA) is the pursuit of a research program generated by the limitations of traditional forms of risk
management. This claim can be justified by the following argument. Over the last decades, analysts and practitioners have
brought to maturity a large array of tools for risk management. Most of them rely on combining judgments of utility with judgments
of probability. This is the approach of the Rational Actor Paradigm (RAP). With many environmental problems, however, RAP‐based
tools have run into considerable practical and theoretical difficulties. In response to these difficulties, a series of alternative
approaches to practical risk management and to the theoretical understanding of risk have been elaborated. They try to embed
the rational choices of individual actors studied by RAP into a broader framework of social rationality. This task can be
approached by distinguishing situations where an actor holds unambiguous judgments of preference and probability from situations
characterized by ambivalent judgments. RAP can handle the former, but not the latter. Problems whose management requires a
combination of widely differing scientific disciplines are especially likely to involve ambivalent judgments of probability.
The study of such problems constitutes the research program of integrated assessment. It involves three main tasks: developing
IA models which can represent ambivalent expectations and evaluations, developing IA models which use such representations
to study non‐marginal changes of social systems, and developing procedures of participatory IA which enable researchers to
engage in an iterative exchange with various stakeholders.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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环境风险地图基于地理信息系统(GIS)对信息和数据的空间分析,通过各种风险评估或预测模型,将评估的结果以空间方式展示出来.由于环境风险地图直观、信息量大的优点,有助于环境风险管理以及突发事件的应急反应和实时决策.对风险地图种类作了概述,总结风险制图中需注意的问题以及国内外风险地图的应用研究以及发展情况. 相似文献
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以《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》(HJ/T 169—2004)、《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》(GB 18218—2009)为依据,确定环境风险分析的研究线路,对评价单元进行风险识别,确定事故源项与风险因素。运用火灾、爆炸、毒性指标评价法(蒙德法)对环境风险进行评价,根据相关设计资料,选取各个参数,最后定量分析出单元的环境风险状况,提出针对性的管理措施,把风险降到最低。 相似文献
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生态风险评价是风险论与生态学、环境科学、地学等多种学科相互交叉的边缘学科.以土壤生态系统为对象,介绍了目前已有的几类重金属污染生态风险评价方法,包括概念模型法、数学模型法、指数法、形态分析法、植物培养法等.指出根据研究目的与污染特性选择适当的评价方法,可以为土壤生态风险管理提供科学信息. 相似文献
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Rethinking human health impact assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Most EIA programs around the world require the consideration of human health impacts. Yet relatively few EIA documents adequately address those impacts. This article examines how, why, and to what extent health impacts are analyzed in environmental impact assessments in the U.S. An empirical study of 42 environmental impact statements found that more than half contained no mention of health impacts. In the others, health impacts were analyzed narrowly, if at all, using risk assessment to quantify the carcinogenic potential of a single substance over a single generation. This analytic focus overlooks other significant morbidity and mortality risks, cumulative and intergenerational effects, and broader determinants of health. This article investigates these problems and provides recommendations to improve human health impact assessment, using strategic environmental assessment, qualitative health data, health outcomes in addition to cancer, and a precautionary approach to risk. 相似文献
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为了研究某农药厂毒死蜱生产对周围人群产生的潜在健康风险,在农药厂周围村庄设置采样点,采用大流量大气采样器采集大气样本,索式提取/气相色谱法分析毒死蜱浓度。结果表明,大气气溶胶中毒死蜱的质量浓度为0.2~189 ng/m3,大气颗粒物中毒死蜱浓度较低,质量浓度为ND~3.50 ng/m3。基于美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价方法计算结果表明,大气毒死蜱暴露对于儿童和成人的非致癌风险控制在EPA推荐的可接受风险水平。 相似文献