预浓缩系统-全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析环境空气中挥发性有机物

采用SummA罐采集样品，自动进样器进样，三级冷阱预浓缩样品，全二维气相色谱／飞行时间质谱法（GC×GC／TOFMS）测试分析，以较长的非极性柱Rxi-5MS（60m×320μm×1．0μm）作为第一维柱，较短的中等极性柱DB-17MS（2．0×0．1mm×0．1μm）作为第二维柱，对环境空气中的VOC成分进行了定性定量分析。通过考察方法的线性范围、精密度、加标回收率、检出限与《空气和废气监测分析方法》（四版）给出的两个方法比较，证实该方法特性不仅满足方法学要求，而且能够更加准确快速监测环境空气中VOC。     

气质联用法测定环境空气中有机硫化物

采用 SUMMA罐采集空气样品，在预浓缩系统中经3级冷阱捕集后，用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定环境空气中7种痕量有机硫化物。对试验条件进行优化，使得甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、噻吩、乙硫醚和二甲二硫醚等7种有机硫化物在21．47μg/m3～336．43μg/m3范围内线性良好。试验表明，7种有机硫化物的方法检出限为0．004μg/m3～0．036μg/m3；标准气体平行测定6次结果的 RSD为2．7％～6．2％，加标回收率为92．2％～97．5％。用该方法测定实际空气样品，并与傅立叶红外光谱法测定的结果进行比对，结果令人满意。     

罐采样-低温浓缩-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定环境空气中116种挥发性有机物

利用罐采样-低温浓缩-气相色谱-质谱联用仪结合冷柱箱技术,建立了一次进样同时分析环境空气中116种挥发性有机物的方法。利用苏玛罐采集环境空气样品,液氮低温冷凝浓缩进样,经配有冷柱箱的气相色谱-质谱法进行分析。通过优化冷凝参数和程序升温条件,最终用-35℃初始柱温成功保留住低碳组分,实现用一根色谱柱同时分离低碳和高碳组分。该方法仪器设备简单,无须安装中心切割器、辅助检测器等复杂配件,方法线性良好,精密度、准确度均满足质控要求,检出限为0.03×10~(-9)～0.10×10~(-9),能够满足环境空气中挥发性有机物的测定要求。     

全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用监测环境空气中VOCs

采用全采样系统-全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用技术监测环境空气中的VOCs,优化了调制周期、升温程序、进样体积等分析条件.39种目标化合物在0 μg/m3～10.0 μg/m3范围内线性良好,检出限范围为0.03 μg/m3～0.09 μg/m3,标准气体平行测定的RSD为1.1％ ～5.3％.应用于化工园区环境空气样品测定,与热脱附-气相色谱/质谱法相比,目标物的分离效果更佳.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中半挥发性有机物的残留量

采用加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中半挥发性有机物的含量。土壤样品以二氯甲烷-丙酮(1∶1)混合溶液进行萃取,所得萃取物用硅酸镁固相萃取小柱净化。在气相色谱分离中用TG-5MS(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25μm)色谱柱进行分离,在质谱分析中采用选择离子监测模式,内标法定量。该方法在1.56～50.0μg/ml相关系数大于0.99,检出限为0.01～0.03 mg/kg,测定下限为0.04～0.12 mg/kg。对土壤中3个添加水平(0.10、0.70 mg/kg和1.50 mg/kg)下的回收率进行了测定,回收率为74.1%～101%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.1%～7.1%。该方法样品前处理简单、灵敏、可靠,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合检测要求,适用于土壤中半挥发性有机物的检测。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中恶臭硫化物成分

摘要：采用苏玛罐采样、冷阱顶浓缩处理样品、气相色谱质谱联用法测定环境空气中的甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、甲乙硫醚、二甲二硫、二硫化碳等7种恶臭硫化物。结果表明，该方法的线性较好，7种硫化物的检出限为8．0×10-4～1．4×10-3mg／m3，混合标准气体平行测定时RSD范围在3．32％～6．17％，加标回收率为100％～117％。该方法对于环境空气恶臭硫化物的测定准确可靠，能够用于常规环境空气中恶臭硫化物的分析检测。     

罐采样/气相色谱-质谱法分析环境空气中57种臭氧前体物

针对中国当前臭氧污染问题,建立了苏玛罐采样-低温浓缩/气相色谱-质谱法分析环境空气中57种臭氧前体物的方法。样品经三级冷阱预浓缩仪富集、除干扰组分并进行冷聚焦后利用冷柱温分离,气相色谱-质谱法分析。笔者优化了阱的关键温度和时间参数,在最佳实验条件下进行方法性能实验,结果表明,57种目标化合物的方法检出限为0.03×10-6~0.39×10-6,高、中、低3组浓度水平的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%~11%(n=6),空白加标回收率为80.1%~112%。方法成功应用于山东省17个采样城市环境空气样品的分析。     

空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs) 的监测方法研究

建立了热脱附仪和气相色谱-质谱联用测定室内空气和环境空气中35种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法,方法的最低检出限为0.1～0.9μg/m3, 20μg/m3挥发性有机物标准经6次的重复测定,其相对标准偏差小于8.4%.该方法已用于室内空气和环境空气的测定,取得令人满意的结果.     

顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水和废水中8种苯系物

采用顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法(HS-GC/MS)测定水和废水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯等8种苯系物,优化了分析条件,讨论了色谱柱极性、加热温度、平衡时间和进样次数对测定结果的影响。8种苯系物在1.00μg/L～1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.22μg/L～0.38μg/L,实际样品平行测定的相对标准偏差5.0%,加标回收率在86.0%～115%之间。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法分离复杂体系中7种指示剂 多氯联苯

采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(GC×GC TOF-MS)分析了混标样品Aroclor 1260、Aroclor 1254、Aroclor 1242中的多氯联苯(PCBs)单体,考察了在复杂体系下对7种PCBs指示剂的分离能力。结果表明,与优化柱系统的分离效果相比,136种单体的混标样品中共分离出121种单体,7种指示剂经一维和二维的保留时间及质谱定性,在121种单体的2D斑点图中清晰可辨。全二维对于复杂体系的PCBs和指示剂的分离表明其强大的分离能力和对于检测复杂体系中指示剂的分辨能力,对该类物质的定性和定量检测具有重要意义。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.