用市场经济模式规范环境监测行为

用市场经济模式规范环境监测行为季鼎祥，范健（南通市环境监测站２２６００６）《关于进一步加强环境监测工作决定》指出：“深化改革是发展环境监测工作的必由之路”。我国各级环境监测站在“改革开放”方针指引和各级环保主管部门的支持下，对监测站的改革进行了大量有...     

环境监测战略研讨会在海阳召开

国家环保局于九月上旬在山东海阳召开了全国环境监测战略研讨会.环保局开发监督司、环境监测总站和部分省市环保局、监测站的同志四十多人参加了研讨.会议围绕在加快改革开放和建立社会主义市场经济体制的新形势下如何做好环境监测工作这一主题及其有关的宏观战略问题展开了讨论,并形成了比较一致的看法和意见.会议认为,在新的形势条件下,必须按照经济靠市场、环保靠政府的原则,依靠各级政府大力加强和做好环境监测工作,使之更好地为经济建设、社会发展和环境管理服务;必须从法律法规上进一步明确环境监测的社会公益性质和在环境保护中的执法监督职能,提高环境监测的社会地位,发挥环境监测的技术支持、技术服务和技术监督作用;必须加强政府对监测工作的领导,开辟政策和资金渠道,加大对监测     

关于环境监测管理体制改革的思考

为规范环境监测和环境管理行为,促进环境监测事业的发展,在新的一轮事业单位机构改革中,要准确定位环境监测机构,理顺环境监测管理体制。环境监测行为是一项政府行为,环境监测人员应该参照公务员管理;有必要实行省级环境监测体系的垂直整合或实行全国环境监测体系的垂直整合并在新出台的《环境监测管理条例》预以明确。     

实施环境监测制度的探索

环境监测是一种政府行为,是环境保护工作的基础。实施环境监测制度是贯彻落实环境保护法规,充分发挥环境监测的技术监督、技术服务、技术保障职能的重要措施,是治理污染,加强环境管理的重要手段。特别是在市场经济下,政府对企业制约能力减弱,实施环境监测制度,依据权威性的监测数据依法行政显得越来越重要。然而基层环境监测站在实施环境监测制度中遇到了一些亟待解决的问题,博山区环境监测站对此作了探索。1　实施环境监测制度中遇到的问题11　基层环境监测人员、设备明显不足按照《全国环境监测条例》,四级站环境监测用房面积为400ｍ2～80…     

企业环境监测工作的现状及发展初探

剖析了企业环境监测工作的现状，明确了企业环境监测工作的工基本立足点，在面临大中型国有企业主业副业剥离的情况下，对企业环境监测机构在市场经济条件下如何面对自己的生存进行了探讨，并提出企业环境监测工作的发展设想。     

我国环境监测仪器向规范化方向发展刍议

从我国环境监测事业发展和建立社会主义市场经济体制的需要，论述了加速我国环境监测仪器规范化的必要和可行性，并阐述了具体实施意见。     

关于改革和加强环境监测的几点思考

关于改革和加强环境监测的几点思考任官平（中国环境监测总站１０００１２）在当前建立社会主义市场经济体制，加快改革开放和大力推进环境保护事业的新形势下，如何改革和加强我国的环境监测工作，使之与新的形势和要求相适应，是亟需研究解决的一大课题。本文拟就此作些...     

环境监测是环境监理的技术基础

环境监测是环境监理的技术基础周佩德（江苏省射阳县环保局２２４３００）环境监理是环境管理的重要组成部分，其核心在“现场”，关键在“经常”。在我国建立社会主义市场经济体制的初始阶段，依法进行环境监理，强化污染源的动态管理，是解决当前环保执法不力的关键所在...     

加强基础建设,推动环境监测事业全面发展

对“九五”期间江苏省加强环境监测基础建设 ,推动环境监测事业全面发展的情况进行了回顾。指出 ,围绕中心、强化服务是发展环境监测事业之根本 ,依靠政府领导、争取有关部门支持是发展环境监测事业之关键 ,实施标准化建设是发展环境监测事业之抓手 ,技术创新是发展环境监测事业之动力 ,加大投入是发展环境监测事业之保证。提出为进一步适应社会发展之需要 ,更好地为环境管理和经济建设服务 ,“十五”乃至更长一段时期江苏必须进行环境监测现代化建设 ,环境监测事业任重道远     

基于关系数据库的环境监测知识库的建立

“环境监测专家系统”可有效监控环境污染状况 ,对环境污染作分析、评价、分级、预警等 ,促进环境的管理和改善。环境监测知识库是该专家系统的核心 ,通过知识库 ,专家系统可以自我学习 ,自我诊断 ,自我发展。本文通过对知识库和数据库的分析比较 ,指出在关系数据库平台上建立环境监测知识库的可行性 ,给出了在关系数据库系统中建立环境监测知识库的方法 ,即如何在关系数据库环境中实现环境监测知识获取、表示和管理     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...