高锰酸钾脱色降解直接耐酸大红4BS的反应机理研究

以高锰酸钾(KMnO₄)为氧化剂，含有染料直接耐酸大红4BS(以下简称大红4BS)的溶液为模拟废水，研究KMnO₄对大红4BS的脱色机理，分析KMnO₄不同投加量对大红4BS脱色效果的影响。结果表明：当KMnO₄投加量为15 mg/L时，反应1 h脱色率可达95.3%;脱色机理主要是KMnO₄氧化及氧化过程中形成的二氧化锰(MnO₂)对大红4BS吸附的共同作用。     

Fenton氧化——混凝联合处理橡胶废水研究

以橡胶厂的实际工业废水为研究对象,探讨了H2O2投加量、混凝液pH、混凝剂投加量以及反应时间对Fenton氧化后废水混凝处理效果的影响;并对H2O2用量、FeSO4.7H2O用量和Fe2(SO4)2用量进行L(33)正交实验,确定Fenton氧化—混凝联合工艺处理橡胶废水的最佳反应条件:H2O2投加量2mL,FeSO4.7H2O投加量0.3g,Fe2(SO4t)3投加量0.3g.与Fenton氧化法和直接混凝法相比,Fenton氧化—混凝联合工艺对橡胶废水处理效果更好,对COD去除率明显高于单独采用两种方法对COD去除率的总和.     

一种新型微生物絮凝剂的制备及对Cu2+去除性能的探究

以城市污水处理厂的脱水污泥为原料,通过超声波细胞破碎制备微生物絮凝剂。采用控制变量法考察污泥浓度、超声波破碎时间对絮凝剂絮凝效果的影响,并探究絮凝液的投加量、pH值、温度、振荡时间、振荡频率、共存金属等因素对5 mg/L Cu^2+模拟废水的去除效果,分析了微生物絮凝剂去除Cu^2+的作用机理。结果表明:当污泥质量浓度为100 g/L,超声波破碎时间15 min时,絮凝剂的絮凝效果最好;当pH值为6.5,温度50℃,絮凝液投加量40 mL,振荡时间1 min,振荡频率200 r/min时去除效果最佳。     

TiO_2/沸石复合光催化剂的制备及其对盐酸四环素的光降解

用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO_2/沸石复合光催化剂,采用X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱等分析手段对其进行了表征,通过试验探究复合光催化剂降解水中盐酸四环素的影响因素及其规律,同时对催化剂稳定性作评价。结果表明,当复合光催化剂投加量为4 g/L,盐酸四环素初始质量浓度为20 mg/L,pH值为4.47,暗反应30 min,紫外光照120 min时,盐酸四环素去除率可达91.7%。催化剂的稳定性试验表明,复合光催化剂在重复使用4次以内时去除率可保持在80%左右。     

开心果加工废水处理技术研究

研究采用混凝-CASS法处理开心果加工废水。试验结果表明,混凝处理中混凝剂PAC的处理效果优于PFS,其最佳pH范围为7～10,最佳投药量为175mg/L。以PAC为混凝剂处理后的废水采用CASS法进行生化处理,在曝气12h的条件下,CODCr和BOD5去除率分别为94．4%和96．1％,最终出水达到污水综合排放标准的一级标准。     

磁性凹凸棒土的制备及其对水中铅离子的吸附

利用化学共沉淀法制备了磁性凹土复合吸附剂(ATP/Fe_3O_4),通过静态吸附实验研究了该材料对水中Pb~(2+)的吸附性能。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对复合吸附剂进行表征,并考察了吸附剂投加量、溶液初始pH值及吸附时间等因素对Pb~(2+)吸附效果的影响。结果表明,Fe_3O_4颗粒负载在凹土表面,复合吸附剂的比饱和磁化强度为29.22 emu/g,可有效实现固液分离的目标。Pb~(2+)吸附实验表明,ATP/Fe_3O_4对Pb~(2+)具有良好的吸附效果,当Pb~(2+)初始浓度为50mg/L、溶液pH为5.0、吸附剂用量为3.0 g/L时,去除率可达87.35%。ATP/Fe_3O_4对Pb~(2+)的吸附行为符合准二级动力学方程。     

荧光光度法测定地表水中阴离子表面活性剂

采用荧光光度法测定地表水中烷基苯磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂,讨论了pH值和干扰物质对测定的影响。方法在0.200 mg/L~5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.081 mg/L,实际水样加标回收率为98.6%~101%。     

离子对高效液相色谱法同时测定氧化型染发剂中5种染料

采用离子对高效液相色谱法同时测定氧化型染发剂中5种染料成分,选择Phenomenex kinetex C18色谱柱(2.6μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),以10 mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠水溶液(pH值2.5)+甲醇(体积比60∶40)为流动相,采用DAD检测器,检测波长280 nm,以保留时间和紫外光谱特征定性,外标法定量。5种染料在20.0 mg/L～100 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,最低检出质量分数氢醌为0.02%,间苯二酚为0.03%,邻氨基苯酚为0.02%,邻苯二胺为0.04%,4-氨基-2-羟基甲苯为0.03%。低浓度基质加标平均回收率为82.5%～106%,RSD为1.4%～6.1%,中浓度基质加标平均回收率为82.0%～105%,RSD为0.4%～2.2%,高浓度基质加标平均回收率为78.5%～105%,RSD为1.7%～4.5%。     

固相微萃取-GC/MS法测定水中18种酚类化合物

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水中18种酚类化合物,优化了溶液pH值、萃取时间、萃取温度、搅拌速率等萃取条件。方法在0.110 mg/L~1.61 mg/L范围内线性良好,18种酚类化合物的检出限为0.001 mg/L~0.015 mg/L(SIM)和0.003 mg/L~0.035 mg/L(SCAN),污水样品加标回收率为88.4%~97.4%。     

煤矿矿井水混凝试验研究

混凝试验研究结果表明，适用于煤矿矿井水净化的混凝剂是聚合氯化铝（ＰＡＣ），最佳投量与矿井水浊度和ｐＨ值有关。投加少量助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺，有利于提高混凝效果。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...