典型金属冶炼城市降尘中重金属污染特征及风险评价

2021年1-3月,采集湖南省某典型金属冶炼城市不同功能区的降尘样品,分析测定了17种重金属元素含量,其中15种重金属元素含量超出了湖南背景值,分别为Ag、Fe、Cd、Ti、Sb、Tl、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ni、Cr、Ba、Mn。采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对大气降尘中重金属可能造成的生态风险和健康风险进行评价。结果表明:受长期的有色金属冶炼影响,Ag、Cd、Fe、Sb、Ti、Tl 6种重金属达到了极重度污染,Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo在中度污染程度以上。工业区的综合生态危害指数远高于工业居民混合区、工业农业混合区、居民区和交通区,达到了极强生态危害级别。健康风险评价结果显示:大气降尘中As和Pb存在非致癌风险,As、Cd和Ni存在致癌风险,且经口摄入是最主要的暴露途径。与青少年和儿童相比,大气降尘中重金属对成人造成的风险较高,且成年女性面临的风险高于成年男性。     

基于背角无齿蚌生物监测鄱阳湖和微山湖的重金属污染

基于“淡水贝类观察”研究体系的专用指示生物背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）,生物监测鄱阳湖吴城水域和微山湖二级坝水域中Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Ba、Tl和Pb等元素的污染状况。结果表明：鄱阳湖吴城水域蚌样中Al、Mn、Cu的含量显著高于微山湖 (P<0.05),而前者Fe、Co、As、Ba、Pb的含量显著低于后者(P<0.05);两者重金属污染指数（MPI）分别为8.4和22.0,均值污染指数（AP）分别为0.099和0.113,鄱阳湖的Cd及微山湖的Cd、Pb接近轻度污染水平,须引起重视。     

渭河陕西段表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在风险

为了解渭河陕西段表层沉积物重金属的污染特征，采用ICP-MS分析了13个采样断面表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属的含量，并对其来源和生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：渭河陕西段8种重金属的平均含量顺序依次为Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Cd；除Ni外的其余7种重金属的平均含量均超过陕西省A层土壤背景值。各断面表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数（RI）介于111.4~7 043.7，其中23.1%的断面有极强生态风险，46.2%的断面为中等生态风险，其余为轻微生态风险。Cd污染最为严重，对各断面的潜在生态风险介于较强生态风险与极强生态风险之间，对RI的贡献平均为85.2%；其余7种重金属在所有断面均属于轻微生态危害。渭河陕西段表层沉积物As、Cd、Cu和Zn主要为工业与农业来源；Cr和Ni主要为自然来源；Pb和Mn与城市污水和交通污染来源有关。     

徐州城市表层土壤中重金属的富积、分布特征与环境风险

研究了徐州城市表层土壤的21个样品中30种元素的富集与分布特征。结果表明,与我国土壤元素的背景值(算术平均值)相比,表层土壤中Zn、Cd、As、Hg、Sb、Sn、Ag等元素富集大;Fe、Se、Sc、Ba、Bi、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn、Mo、Be、Ti、Al、Ga、Li、Co等元素的富集较小。污染元素的空间分布特征显示了Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd等元素主要与交通运输等扩散污染源相关,而元素As、Sb的空间分布主要与工业污染源(点源)有关。环境风险指数的计算结果表明,表层土壤中重金属污染具有较大的环境风险,其中属于中等环境风险级别以上的样品占近40%,而且高风险区域主要集中在钢铁厂和化机厂等工业区范围内。     

粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿山土壤和地表水重金属分布及风险评价

对粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿24个土壤样品中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg,以及15个地表水样品中的As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb和Zn进行了检测,并以多元统计分析与土壤潜在生态风险指数法、地表水健康风险评价模型相结合的方式,研究了重金属的分布特征及风险水平。结果表明:在土壤中,Mn、Zn、Cd和Pb的平均含量均超过了背景值;Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd和Zn在采区有较明显集聚,As、Pb和Hg的高含量分布相对均匀;Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb含量主要受区域背景影响,Zn、As、Cd和Hg含量与矿区人类活动关系密切,Mn含量受自然和人为因素共同控制;重金属造成的土壤潜在生态风险整体处于轻微水平,Ⅱ采区和Ⅶ采区生态风险较高;Cd和Hg是造成土壤生态危害的主要重金属元素。在地表水中,Mn的平均浓度超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)规定的限值,其余重金属的含量均满足该标准中的Ⅲ类水质要求;重金属浓度在靠近采区及位于河流中下游的位置偏高;Mn、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度受稀土开采影响较大,As、Hg浓度主要受自然因素影响;重金属产生的健康总风险(9.39×10^-7~1.01×10^-6 a^-1)低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的参考标准(5×10^-5 a^-1),但儿童通过饮水途径受到的健康风险(1.01×10^-6 a^-1)略超过部分机构的推荐限值;Cd和As是地表水中产生健康风险的主要重金属元素。综上,研究区重金属污染风险管理的主要对象是Cd和Mn。     

南京市某垃圾填埋场重金属污染现状调查

对南京市某垃圾填埋场的垃圾、土壤、植物、炉渣等样品中Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Sb、Mn重金属含量进行分析。结果表明，垃圾填埋场的填埋土中Cu、Zn、As3种重金属含量分别高出自然土壤背景值86％、250％，300％。潜在生态危害指数法评价的污染状况为：Cd、As〉Hg〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr、Zn；Cd和As的毒性贡献较大，存在极高的潜在生态风险。     

大宝山采矿活动对环境的重金属污染调查

调查了大宝山铁铜多金属矿床固体废弃物-水相互作用对环境的重金属污染,结果表明,矿床固体废弃物导致了水、土壤的重金属污染,污染元素主要有Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等;重金属元素的水迁移强度由大至小顺序为Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、As、Pb、Hg;元素的生物吸收系数由大至小顺序为Cd、Zn、Hg、Ni、Cu、Cr、As、Pb,虽然水稻糙米中的重金属含量未超过国家标准,但Cd、Cr两种元素含量已远远超出了植物中毒量的下限值.     

银叶真藓(Bryum argenteum)监测黔滇高速公路重金属污染的研究

通过采集G60高速公路贵阳—昆明段自然分布的银叶真藓(Bryum argenteum),监测其中Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr和Pb的含量,并采用污染因子和主成分分析方法研究重金属污染程度及来源。结果表明:研究路段银叶真藓中的重金属含量由高到低依次为Zn Cu Cr Pb Cd,Zn和Cu质量比平均值分别为1 060 mg/kg和102 mg/kg,明显高于对照点。主成分分析表明,重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd可能来源于交通污染,而Cr来源于其他污染源。污染因子分析表明,重金属Zn污染最严重,Cu总体属于重度污染,Cr和Cd属于中度污染,Pb总体污染较低。     

在线ICP-MS检测地表水中19种元素

建立了基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)在线检测地表水中19种元素(Be、B、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sb、Ba、Tl和Pb)的分析方法,并对吴江某河流水中这些元素的含量进行实时在线检测。结果表明,19种元素检出限为0.001~0.410μg/L,加标回收率为92.0%~106%,精密度为1.0%~4.70%;该法与实验室检测结果的相对偏差为1.2%~5.6%,检测结果一致性良好;连续20 d在线检测水中Sb含量与实验室检测结果和浓度变化趋势基本一致。该方法可用于地表水中19种元素含量的实时、快速、连续监测。     

新疆焉耆县耕地土壤重金属的空间分布及来源解析

在新疆焉耆县采集53个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量比,基于GIS技术研究其空间分布格局,运用多元统计分析法区分其主要来源。结果表明:焉耆县耕地土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量比平均值分别超过新疆灌耕土背景值的0.50、0.40、0.33、1.63和3.92倍;在研究区内As、Cd、Pb质量比呈现由北向南逐渐升高趋势,Cr、Cu、Zn质量比呈现由北向南降低趋势,Mn和Ni质量比出现西部高值区;耕地土壤中As、Cd、Ni和Pb的来源主要受人类活动的影响,Cu和Mn的来源主要受土壤地球化学作用的控制,Cr和Zn的来源可能受人为污染与自然因素共同控制。     

钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价

对钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染情况进行了详细研究.选择该矿区受污染农田土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用欧共体参比司推荐的BCR三步连续提取法进行化学形态分析;使用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量及各种化学形态的含量并进行评价,同时对矿区地下水进行分析;采用spas软件进行数据分析.结果表明,矿山周边农田土壤重金属主要污染物为Cd、Hg并伴有Cr污染;Nemerow综合指数6.81,综合评价结果为该区土壤已受严重污染;Cd与As污染来源基本相同,Cu、Ni、Zn污染来源基本相同,Hg有独立的污染来源;重金属中化学形态分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态;重金属Cr及Hg的有效态比例较大,可能会影响农作物的正常生长;矿山周边农田土壤重金属污染的原因可能是污染地下水的浇灌,矿石的开采、运输和大气降尘等过程;有机农药及塑料农用制品的施用过程,自然成土、矿物的伴生及其转化等过程.     

Assessment of Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Belgrade Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

This study aimed at assessing atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and other elements using the moss genera Brachythecium sp. (B. rutabulum and B. salebrosum) and Eurhynchium sp. (E. hians and E. striatum) collected in autumn 2004 in the urban area of Belgrade. The concentrations of 36 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, Th, U) were determined in moss and local topsoil samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The concentration of elements in moss positively correlated to those obtained for topsoil. High enrichment factors for As, Zn, Mo, Br, Sb, Se, Hg and Cl, calculated to continental crust composition, gave an evidence for anthropogenic impact on urban area, mainly due to intensive vehicular traffic and fossil fuel combustion. The concentration of elements in moss, characteristic for fossil fuel combustion, obtained in this study were substantially lower than in the previous investigation (2000) conducted in the area of Belgrade. The level of concentrations for V, Cr, Ni, and As in moss from this study correlated to those measured for neighboring countries, and were several times higher than the base-level data from low polluted areas. The level of accumulated elements in both investigated moss genera were similar and all studied species could be combined for biomonitoring purposes in urban areas.     

杨家幛子钼矿区土壤中重金属污染状况的评价

对杨家幛子钼矿区土壤重金属污染的情况进行了详细研究。选择土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mo的含量,全面系统地评价土壤重金属污染现状。结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属As、Cd和Hg污染较为严重,平均含量分别达154.13、74.92和3.06mg/kg。不同片区间存在明显差异,污染强度以矿山山沿污染最高,其次是运输区、选矿厂及矿区附近山地,内梅罗综合指数分别为59.98、59.33、52.14、42.44。     

Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Akkaya Dam,Nigde, Turkey

Twenty-one surface sediment samples were collected from Akkaya Dam. Heavy metal concentrations (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, As, V and Cd), grain size, organic carbon and carbonate contents were studied in order to assess the extent of environmental pollution and to discuss the origin of these contaminants in sediments of dam. The sediments in the study area are mostly very fine sands. However, mud was observed in the northeast of the dam. Sediment pollution assessment was carried out using enrichment factor. The calculation of enrichment factors showed that Mo is depleted by 1.0 whereas Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, As, V, Cr and Cd are enriched by 3, 5.4, 7, 2.7, 2.2, 3.4, 42.3, 2.1, 1.8 and 7.2, respectively. Relatively high concentrations heavy metals occurred in north (textile industry area) and east (Karasu River) due to enrichment controlled by anthropogenic wastes. The results of correlation analysis show low–medium positive and negative correlations among metals, grain size, carbonate contents and organic carbon and indicate that heavy metals in sediments of the Akkaya Dam have different anthropogenic sources.     

Reduced Metals Concentrations of Water, Sediment and Hyalella Azteca from Lakes in the Vicinity of the Sudbury Metal Smelters, Ontario, Canada

Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda), water and sediments from 12 circum-neutral lakes between Sudbury and North Bay in Ontario, Canada were sampled in August 1998 and analyzed for 10 metals including Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Co, Mo, V, Ba and Ti. Statistical analyses showed that concentrations of the metals in H. azteca, water and sediment differed significantly (ANOVA, P<0.05) among lakes (except for Zn and Pb in H. azteca and Mo in water). There was a trend of declining metal concentration, especially for Cu, Ni and Co (in water, Hyalella and sediment), with distance from the smelters indicating the reduced impact of atmospheric pollution. Metal concentrations of lakes (water) in the Sudbury area were found to be lower compared to data from the 1970s and 1980s indicating an improvement in water quality. Metal concentrations in field-collected amphipods compared favorably with those measured in the laboratory in animals exposed to deep-water sediments, provided metal concentrations were not extremely low (e.g., Pb) and that water chemistry differences (e.g., pH) were taken into account for some metals (especially Cd). In general bioaccumulation of metals in H. azteca was predicted better from surface water than from sediment total metal.     

Bioreclamation of coalmine overburden dumps—with special empasis on micronutrients and heavy metals accumulation in tree species

Major environmental impacts of opencast mining are degradation of landscape and aesthetics of the area by creating huge overburden dumps and deep voids at the mining sites. These overburden dumps are characterised by high rock fragment contents, low moisture retention capacity, higher bulk density, low nutrients, lower pH and elevated metal concentrations. Overburden dumps are reclaimed by tree species for stabilising as well as pollution control and overall improvement of the visual aesthetics. A field study was carried out in the old reclaimed coal mine overburden dumps at KD Heslong project, Central Coalfields, India to study the physico-chemical changes in the reclaimed overburden dumps and determines the magnitude of trace elements accumulation in the planted tree species. Total, bioavailable and acid extractable trace metals concentration in minesoils of overburden dump and topsoil in the mining areas was compared with undisturbed soil. The study showed that tree plantation improves the moisture contents, bulk density, pH and overall nutrient contents of minesoils. The study revealed that lower pH in the minesoils increases the bioavailabity of metals but concentration were found within toxic limits. However, ratio between total and bioavailable metals was found lower in overburden dumps than topsoil due to low pH and lack of organic matter. Out of six tree species studied, Bambusa shows highest accumulation of Fe and Cr. Bioaccumulation coefficient for Cr and Zn was found 74 times in Bambusa and 83 times in Dalbergia sissoo. The results of the study underscore the need for close monitoring of trace elements in reclaimed overburden dumps. Tree species like Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus, Cassia seamea, Acaccia mangium and Peltaphorum were found to be the best species for bioreclamation of overburden dumps.     

Heavy metals in Yeniçağa Lake and its potential sources: soil,water, sediment,and plankton

The distribution and accumulation of heavy metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sn, Ba, Pb) in the water, sediments, plankton of Yeniça?a Lake, and its potential sources (creeks, sewage, artesian well, soil) were investigated during 1-year study period as monthly or seasonally. Element analyses were performed by ICP–MS. Results showed that the trace and toxic elements (Al, As, Mn, Pb, Fe) concentration in lake water and/or its feeding sources were above the recommended water standards (WHO, EC, EPA, TS-266). It was found that the maximum accumulation of the heavy metals iron, aluminum, manganese, zinc, and barium in the sediment of Yeniça?a Lake. The accumulation order of trace metals were Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Ba > Ni > Cr > As > Cu > Pb > Co > Mo > Sn > Cd in the lake, creeks sediment, and soil samples. The similar results suggest that the accumulation of heavy metals in the sediment is a natural process. Metals accumulated in the lake are naturally mixed from the soil. However, the presence of heavy metals in the analysis of artesian well water and sewage reveals that the transportation occurs also from the groundwater to the lake. The results obtained in plankton in Yeniça?a Lake showed that aluminum, iron, manganese, zinc, and barium were most accumulated elements in the plankton. The lower averages of lead prevalent in the water and sediment during some months were seen to have a significant mean accumulation in the plankton.     

Natural concentrations and reference values of heavy metals in sedimentary soils in the Brazilian Amazon

The soils of the Brazilian Amazon exhibit large geochemical diversity reflecting the different soil formation processes in an area covering 49% of the Brazilian territory. Soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the threats to the sustainability of this Biome but establishing quality reference values (QRVs) for the region is a challenging owing to the immense territorial area of the Amazon. This study aimed to determine the natural background of heavy metals in soils from the southwestern Brazilian Amazon in order to propose QRVs for Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn for alluvial sedimentary soils. One hundred and twenty-eight soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0–0.2 m in sites with minimal anthropogenic interference. Soil sample digestion was based on the EPA 3051A method and metal concentrations were determined by ICP-OES. QRVs calculated for the southwestern Brazilian Amazon are among the lowest recorded in Brazil (mg kg^?1): Ba (16.5), Cd (0.1), Cr (6.9), Cu (2.8), Fe (15.4), Mn (13.4), Ni (1.7), Pb (4.4), Sb (0.9), and Zn (5.7). The low metal concentration is likely a result of the sedimentary origin of the soils. The results of this study can serve as a basis for defining public policies to investigate the environmental impacts resulting from changes in land use in areas of the Brazilian Amazon.     

Heavy metals concentration in soils of southeastern part of Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India

There is a growing concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in soils owing to rapid industrial and urban development and increasing reliance on agrochemicals in the last several decades. These metals can infiltrate through the soil thereby causing groundwater pollution. Surface soil samples (5 to 15 cm) collected from southeastern part of Ranga Reddy district were analyzed for 14 heavy metals (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr) using Philips PW 2440 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Results for heavy and trace elements are reported for the first time in soils for this region. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I (geo)), contamination factor and degree of contamination. The results reveal that variations in heavy element concentrations in the soil analyzed have both geogenic and anthropogenic contribution, due to the long period of constant human activities in the study area. The concentration of the metals Ba, Rb, Sr, V, Y and Zr were interpreted to be mainly inherited from parent materials (rocks) and the As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations show contribution from geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The major element variations in soils are determined by the composition of the parent material predominantly involving granites.