甲烷对非分散红外吸收法测定固定污染源废气中二氧化硫的干扰

二氧化硫是中国重点管控的废气污染物。固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定有定电位电解法、非分散红外吸收法、碘量法等，其中非分散红外吸收法具有选择性好、寿命长、灵敏度高等优势，是固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定的常见方法。在波长为7.3 μm附近的红外吸收波段，甲烷和二氧化硫的特征吸收峰有明显重叠，造成交叉干扰。实验研究表明：甲烷将对二氧化硫的测定引入5%左右的正干扰。现场验证表明：对于含有高浓度甲烷的焦化废气，非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫结果显著偏高，经过数学修正后与其他方法可比。在应用非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫时，应确认烟气中不含甲烷或其浓度很低，否则应当采取有效手段消除或减小甲烷的干扰。     

气相色谱法分离和测定环境空气及废气中的甲苯和正丁醇

用活性炭吸附环境空气或废气中的甲苯和正丁醇，经二硫化碳解吸后用气相色谱法测定。方法的回收率：甲苯为98．8％－106．0％，正丁醇为102．0％－107．0％；变异系数：甲苯为1．0％－1．4％，正丁醇为1．2％。当采样体积为20L、解吸液体积为2．00mL、进样体积为2μL时，甲苯和正丁醇的最低检测体积质量分别为0．04和0．20mg/m^3。     

碘量法与非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫浓度的对比

本文研究了用碘量法和非分散红外吸收法对二氧化硫浓度测定的对比。通过试验证明，碘量法测得的二氧化硫浓度值偏高。结果表明：非分散红外吸收法具有良好的准确度和精确度，适用于长时间测定二氧化硫混合气体浓度．     

非分散红外分光光度法测定饮食业油烟

提出了非分散红外分光光度法测定饮食业油烟的方法．采用红外光谱仪，于2930cm^-1波数处进行测量。对滤简的空白值作了明确规定，只有其含油量在0．5mg／L以下才能用于测定。该方法操作简便，相对标准偏差为0．4％．精密度好。加标回收率在97％～105％之间。     

南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制，鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术，达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准；对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度，对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养，保证其发动机处于正常技术状况；对高排放污染机动车辆，安装尾气净化装置，以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明，85％的高排放污染车辆能达标，且CO的削减率最高，达50％左右；定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明，二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％，对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％；高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％，对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中，一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后，其净化率可达80％～90％。     

南京燃煤电厂烟气中汞的排放调查

对南京市8家国控污染源13台（套）燃煤锅炉进行监测，结果表明，燃煤电厂烟气中汞主要以气相部分汞形态存在，其排放值均达标，为0．16～15．9μg／m3，均远低于标准限值；煤质中汞含量与电厂烟气中汞浓度变化曲线的趋势是大致相似，相关系数为0．91；燃煤电厂机组容量、发电负荷越大，汞平均排放因子呈变小趋势；静电除尘器、湿法脱硫和选择性催化还原法的净化配置对汞的脱除效率最高，达到95．4％。     

低浓度SO2和NOx 自动监测系统性能评价方法

通过对7种废气自动监测系统的比较研究和现场测试，提出了非分散红外法、紫外差分法、紫外荧光法、化学发光法等多种 SO2和 NO x 自动监测技术在低浓度范围实现准确定量监测的性能评价方法，定义了 CEMS 的系统检出限及其主要影响因素。建议采用系统检出限、线性误差等关键参数作为低浓度 CEMS 的性能评价方法，提出将全系统多点标准气体校准或加标回收率作为验收和质控监督的基本方法。     

典型医化园区废气和环境空气中挥发性有机物污染特征

对典型医化园区中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征进行研究,采用便携式气相色谱质谱法监测园区及周边14个点位的环境空气,大气预浓缩气相色谱质谱法监测10个点位排气筒中废气。结果表明,废气中非甲烷总烃为1. 77～218 mg/m3,环境空气中甲苯、二氯甲烷、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃的质量浓度分别为0. 048～0. 833,0. 022～3. 07,0. 011～0. 312,0. 004～0. 754和0. 004～0. 529 mg/m3;废气和环境空气中均检出含量较高的芳香烃、卤代烃、酯类、酮类等化合物,以及园区特征的氟苯类和噻吩类化合物。园区环境空气明显受到工业源VOCs污染,分布趋势为生产越密集区域VOCs值越高,经过园区后沿着风向逐渐降低,园区下风向11 km处可测到园区特征氟苯类物质。     

燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测技术综述

介绍了燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测系统的采样系统和分析单元,分析了其各自的优缺点。对稀释抽取式、冷干抽取式和热湿抽取式3种采样方法,以及非分散红外吸收法(NDIR)、非分散紫外吸收法(NDUV)、紫外差分吸收法(DOAS)、紫外荧光法(UVF)和化学发光法(CL)5种分析方法进行对比。结果表明,冷干抽取式+紫外差分法以及稀释抽取式+紫外荧光法+化学发光法可以较好地符合燃煤电厂超低排放监测的要求。     

低浓度SO2和NOx自动监测系统性能评价方法

通过对7种废气自动监测系统的比较研究和现场测试,提出了非分散红外法、紫外差分法、紫外荧光法、化学发光法等多种SO2和NO x自动监测技术在低浓度范围实现准确定量监测的性能评价方法,定义了CEMS的系统检出限及其主要影响因素。建议采用系统检出限、线性误差等关键参数作为低浓度CEMS的性能评价方法,提出将全系统多点标准气体校准或加标回收率作为验收和质控监督的基本方法。     

我国环境空气中温室气体监测技术研究进展

开展温室气体监测,获取温室气体浓度水平并以此开展相关研究是实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要支撑.简述了世界气象组织、我国气象部门及生态环境部门制定温室气体监测标准情况,分析了非色散红外法、气相色谱法、光腔衰荡光谱法、离轴腔积分系统法等温室气体监测技术方法的测量原理、应用场景及优缺点,以及进样系统与标校系统的研究进展,展望了温室...     

浅析被动式FTIR走航监测技术在废气监测中的应用

与传统的监测技术相比,走航监测技术具有监测范围大、响应快速、机动性强的特点,在工业园区及企业废气排放的监测监控、溯源定位方面应用较为广泛。被动式傅里叶红外(FTIR)走航监测技术可以动态、立体、实时地扫描周围一定空域气体中的污染物质。采用被动式FTIR走航监测车,对不同的工业园区企业进行监测,结果表明,被动式FTIR走航监测可对实时发现的超标或异常有毒有害、易燃易爆、异味因子排放装置进行及时的定位和溯源,为环保部门和企业对污染物进行进一步精细化管控提供了有力的科学依据。     

燃煤锅炉湿法脱硫烟气中颗粒物排放特征

选择北京市典型燃煤锅炉进行研究,结果表明:烟气中可凝结颗粒物在总颗粒物中占有较高比例,供热燃煤锅炉总颗粒物排放水平明显高于电厂燃煤锅炉;颗粒物中水溶性离子含量较高,供热燃煤锅炉硫酸根比例尤其显著;烟气总颗粒物中存在大量不稳定的易被氧化的组分;同为燃煤源,不同的烟气净化工艺排放的PM2.5组分特征差异明显;现有标准和技术规范存在不足,无法满足全面、准确监测污染源排放总颗粒物的实际需要。建议建立总颗粒物、可凝结颗粒物的监测技术规范,全面测算燃煤锅炉硫、氮化合物排放情况,科学评估脱硫及脱硝效率。     

电镀企业竣工环保验收监测及后续监管中存在问题探讨

结合电镀企业竣工环保验收监测工作实践,对单位产品基准排水量和排气量的计算和评价,电镀标准中对污染物处理设施排气量的规定,第一类污染物在不同采样点评价标准的选择,重金属排放总量计算以及后续电镀企业废水、废气、污泥监管中存在的问题进行了探讨,并提出了相应的建议。     

The Effects of Application of Poultry Manure to Crude Oil Polluted Soils on Maize (Zea Mays) Growth and Soil Properties

A Figaro-type gas sensor system was investigated for the monitoring of volatile organic contaminants (VOC) in the exhaust gas from a soil vapor extraction (SVE) process. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX), and their mixtures, were tested as representative contaminants. Reasonably good correlation factors >0.98 were obtained between the GC analyses and the sensor responses for each component, and for the total gas concentrations. Although the composition of the exhaust gas from SVE process, as well as the amount of each component, change with time, the sensor can be used to estimate the residual amount of contaminants by measuring the total concentrations in the exhaust gas. The sensor can be utilized as a valuable tool for the monitoring of SVE process by indicating when the operation to remediate a contaminated site should be stopped. The proposed ceramic gas sensor system may be a good alternative to existing methods, because it can satisfy the essential monitoring necessities of SVE processes, and has many advantages over other fully equipped instrumentation, as a cost-effective device, with long-term monitoring stability.     

The evaluation of a low resolution fourier transform infrared (FTIR) gas analyser for monitoring of solvent emission rates under field conditions

The applicability of a low resolution (8 cm-1) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) gas analyser with an absorption path length of 3 m was evaluated for the on-line monitoring of organic solvent mixture emissions in a flexographic ink manufacturing plant. The on-line monitoring revealed that the highest variations of solvent concentrations, up to three decades, occurred in the exhaust air. The FTIR analyser with a dynamic range of four decades covers well the concentration ranges typically found in the exhaust air and in the workroom air of ink manufacturing plants. The average emission rate of solvent mixture based on a sampling period of two days was 1.8 kg h-1 consisting of mainly ethanol (70%), ethyl acetate (15%) and propan-2-ol (11%). The detection limits of the analyser for the solvent compounds ranged from 0.3 to 4.3 mg m-3 and the measurement uncertainty was less than 10% in the concentration range of 8-15,000 mg m-3. These characteristics make the apparatus appropriate for most industrial hygiene applications. An FTIR spectrophotometer, equipped with an multipoint sampling unit, facilitates rapid identification of solvent components, real-time display of concentration data relevant to workroom air and environment monitoring as well as process control. Furthermore, the on-line concentration information enabled a rapid selection of representative sampling locations. The spectrophotometer is transportable, rugged and relatively simple to calibrate even in a hostile industrial environment.     

食品生产企业周边空气中的异味监测

简述了食品生产企业产生的异味无机物、有机物的种类,指出其异味主要来源于食品加工、原料贮存以及废物处理等环节,分析了异味物质的产生机理。介绍了空气中异味物质的监测方法包括,嗅辨法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、傅里叶红外光谱法以及气相色谱/气相色谱-质谱与嗅闻联用法等,及其适用性,以及测定结果的评价方法。     

上海浦东国际机场飞机尾气排放对机场附近空气质量的影响

统计2012年10月和11月浦东机场飞机机型和航班架次，根据各类飞机起降的污染物排放设计工作参数，估算出2012年浦东机场飞机起降时排放的NO2、SO2、CO和HC的估算值。利用浦东新区13个空气监测子站二氧化氮和二氧化硫数据绘制等值线图。结果显示，机场所在的江镇点位和祝桥点位二氧化氮浓度变化受飞机影响很大，而飞机排放的二氧化硫对两个点位的影响可以忽略不计。建议采用改进飞机滑行路线、探讨征收飞机碳排放税等措施减少飞机尾气排放对空气质量的影响。     

Fossil-fueled power plants as a source of atmospheric carbon monoxide

Elevated carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in excess of those derived from emissions inventories have been observed in plumes from one gas- and coal-fired power plant and three of four lignite coal-fired electric utility power plants observed in east and central Texas. Observations of elevated CO on days characterized by differing wind directions show that CO emissions from the lignite plants were relatively constant over time and cannot be ascribed to separate sources adjacent to the power plants. These three plants were found to be emitting CO at rates 22 to 34 times those tabulated in State and Federal emissions inventories. Elevated CO emissions from the gas- and coal-fired plant were highly variable on time scales of hours to days, in one case changing by a factor of 8 within an hour. Three other fossil-fueled power plants, including one lignite-fired plant observed during this study, did not emit substantial amounts of CO, suggesting that a combination of plant operating conditions and the use of lignite coal may contribute to the enhanced emissions. Observed elevated CO emissions from the three lignite plants, if representative of average operating conditions, represent an additional 30% of the annual total CO emissions from point sources for the state of Texas.     

离子色谱法测定废气中的丙酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定有组织废气和无组织废气中丙酸的新方法，常规无机阴离子对该方法的测定没有干扰。对实际废气样品进行分析，丙酸的回收率分别为91．5％～106％。该方法分析速度快，所需样品量少，且无需复杂的前处理，简便、灵敏、可靠。