石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铅的质量控制指标研究

通过对全国9个省份82家实验室监测数据的分析,研究确定了石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铅的质量控制指标。建议控制值为：标准样品室内相对标准偏差（RSD）≤5.0%,实际样品相对偏差（RD）≤30.0%,标准样品室间相对标准偏差（RSD’）≤10%,标准样品相对误差（RE）≤±8.0%,加标回收率范围为90%～115%,同时还对方法的重复性和再现性指标进行了验证性研究。     

原子吸收法测定水中锌质量控制指标研究

根据地域和监测技术代表性的筛选,在11个省份中选择了70家实验室参加测试工作,通过大量的监测数据,研究了原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的质量控制指标。研究表明:在0.3～1.5mg/L范围内,标准样品RSD≤3.0%,RSD’≤10.0%;浓度小于等于0.5mg/L时RE在±10.0%范围内,浓度为0.5～1.5mg/L时RE在±5.0%范围内。实际样品浓度小于等于0.05mg/L时,RD≤20.0%;浓度0.05～3.5mg/L时,RD≤5.0%。加标回收率控制范围为85%～110%。     

原子吸收法测定水中镉的质量控制指标研究

通过全国多家实验室的大量监测数据,研究分析了镉测定的质量控制指标,并与《水质镉的测定双硫腙分光光度法》（GB/T 7471-1987）和《环境水质监测质量保证手册》（第二版）进行了比较,旨在为环境监测工作提供质量控制依据和质量控制指标。研究表明,标准样品的精密度质量控制指标范围：RSD≤5.0%和RSD’≤8.0%;准...     

离子选择电极法测定水中氟化物质量控制指标研究

通过全国多家实验室的大量监测数据,研究分析了离子选择电极法测定水中氟化物的质量控制指标。研究表明,在0.5～4.5 mg/L范围内同一标准样品多次测定的质量控制指标为:室内相对标准偏差(RSD)≤4.0%,室间相对标准偏差(RSD’)≤8.0%,相对误差(RE)≤±10.0%。在0.06～7.0 mg/L范围内实际样品平行双样测定质量控制指标为:相对偏差(RD)≤5.0%。加标回收率范围为90%～110%。     

原子荧光法测定水中砷监测质量控制指标研究

通过全国多家实验室测定的大量监测数据研究了原子荧光法测定水中砷的质量控制指标,并与《水和废水监测分析方法》(第4版)中的相关指标进行了比较,旨在为环境监测工作提供质量控制依据和质量控制指标。研究表明,标准样品实验室内相对偏差的控制范围为小于等于4%;浓度小于0.05 mg/L的实际样品的相对偏差小于等于10%,浓度大于等于0.05 mg/L时相对偏差小于等于5%。实验室间相对偏差的控制范围为小于等于10%。相对误差一般控制在±15%以内,加标回收率为90%～110%。     

土壤中苯并[a]芘测定的精密度控制指标研究

通过全国多家实验室的大量监测数据,研究分析了土壤中苯并[a]芘测定的精密度控制指标,并与EPA8270D进行了比较,旨在为环境监测工作提供质量控制依据和质量控制指标。研究表明,标准样品的室内相对标准偏差的质量控制范围≤28%,室内相对偏差的质量控制范围≤34%。     

分光光度法测定水中六价铬的质量控制指标研究

通过国内多家实验室测定的大量数据,研究了分光光度法测定水中六价铬的质量控制指标,旨在为环境监测工作提供质量控制指标和依据.研究表明:样品质量浓度在0.04 ～0.5 mg/L范围内,标准样品室内相对标准偏差(RSD)≤4％,室间相对标准偏差(RSD′)≤15％,相对误差(RE)≤±10％(低浓度可适当放宽).实际样品质...     

4-氨基安替比林萃取分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的质量控制指标研究

依据多种浓度、多种样品、多家实验室参与测定而得到的大量监测数据,研究分析了4-氨基安替比林萃取分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的质量控制指标.建议控制值为:当标准样品质量浓度范围为0.04 mg/L～0.2 mg/L时,室内相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.0％;当标准样品质量浓度范围为0.04 mg/L～1.2 mg/L时,室间相...     

土壤中苯并[α]芘的准确度控制指标研究

通过全国多家实验室的大量监测数据,研究分析了土壤中苯并[α]芘测定的准确度控制指标,并与EPA8270D进行了比较,旨在为环境监测工作提供质量控制依据和指标。研究表明,标准样品测定的相对误差控制范围0～56.4%,实际样品加标回收率为55.8%～115%。     

原子荧光法测定土壤中砷的质量控制评价标准研究

组织多家实验室开展监测,研究了原子荧光法测定土壤中砷的质量控制措施及其评价标准。研究表明,RSD、RD、RSD'、RD'、RE和加标回收率是土壤监测的重要质量控制措施,对于标准样品,其评价标准分别为RSD≤10%、RD≤30%、RSD'≤20%、RD'≤30%、RE≤±20%、空白加标回收率为95%~105%、标准样品加标回收率为75%~110%;其与两个土壤标准样品系列、与土壤中砷的浓度均没有显著的相关性。     

装潢居室空气中甲醛采样方法改进

对空气中甲醛测定的采样方法进行了探讨 ,分别用水和稀硫酸作吸收液对空气甲醛进行采样研究。结果表明 ,用 0 .0 0 5mol LH2 SO4 作吸收液的采样方法 ,可有效、稳定地延长样品的保存时间 ,且又符合方法灵敏度和精密度的要求。     

从履约压力看环境监测发展方向

分析了在当前履约压力下环境监测的薄弱与不足之处,提出了拓展环境空气监测内容,将生态调查和多样性监测纳入常规体系,推进有机监测技术发展,加大多边合作与联合监测的发展思路.     

泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响

为了解泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响,于2012年6月8日、9月12日、12月6日,对泰东河沿线以及通榆河东台段进行调查取样,分析施工期间河体水质变化。结果表明,施工期间水质参数基本保持在Ⅱ~Ⅲ类。根据江苏省水环境监测中心盐城分中心2011年、2013年监测资料评价分析,泰东河河道疏浚后,清理了河床淤泥,提高了泰东河的行洪、抗洪以及通航能力,其水质的好转有效地改善了下游通榆河的水质,确保了饮水安全。     

Estimating the Ecological Condition of the Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico

Monitoring of estuaries in the Louisianian Province was performed annually from 1991–1994 to assess ecological conditions on a regional scale. We found over the four years of monitoring, 25±6% of Gulf of Mexico estuarine sediments in the Louisianian Province displayed poor biological conditions, as measured by benthic community structure, and 14±7% of the area was characterized by poor water clarity, the presence of marine debris, and elevated levels of fish tissue contaminants. Using statistical associations to discern relationships between ecological condition and exposure or stressor data has shown that much of this degraded' condition co-occurs with sediment contamination.     

State of the Estuaries in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States

The U.S. EPA has prepared a State of the Region Report for Mid-Atlantic Estuaries to increase knowledge of environmental condition for improved environmental management. Sources of information included the National Estuary Programs, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the state monitoring programs in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Federal programs such as National Status & Trends, National Shellfish Register, National Wetlands Inventory, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, and other primary literature sources. The state of the estuarine environment was summarized using indicators for water and sediment quality, habitat change, condition of living resources, and aesthetic quality. Each indicator was briefly discussed relative to its importance in understanding estuarine condition. Wherever possible, data from multiple programs were used to depict condition. Finally, an overall evaluation of estuarine condition in the region was determined. The usefulness of monitoring programs that collect consistent information with a well-defined sampling design cannot be overemphasized.     

锅炉污染物监测中运行负荷的现场判断

简述了锅炉的风量和烟气量、锅炉燃料的消耗量以及锅炉运行负荷的估算方法。通过实例分析,用现场监测的实际风量与理论值比较,粗略估算出监测时段锅炉运行负荷,比对锅炉污染物监测时段的锅炉运行负荷标准,从而判断监测数据的准确性与有效性。     

An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed

In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support fromthe United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baselineindicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the2790 km² watershed had 1570 km² of forest in 1997, 1080 km² of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km² of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its managementstatus after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitorforest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant specieswere identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850–1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forestsof the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. Theseremote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400–2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and therewas clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trashcollection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result ofdeforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides.Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases inerosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water fromrainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to aforested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areasand streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoningpopulation will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades.Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.     

空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

Monitoring the quality of the marine environment

As part of the monitoring program from Instituto Hidrográfico, since 1981 sediment and water samples have been collected from four different estuarine areas located along the continental coast of Portugal. The concentrations of different parameters were measured in the water and sediment samples. After normalization, the concentrations of chromium, mercury, lead and zinc in the sediments from the different areas were compared.