主动采样技术在中国大气POPs监测中的应用

为了履行斯德哥尔摩公约,查明持久性有机污染物(POPs)在中国大气环境介质的存在水平,该研究首次采用主动采样技术,在中国境内大尺度范围内进行了环境大气中POPs的监测工作.利用主动采样技术,可以在短时间内采集数百立方米的大气样品.分别利用玻璃纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物(固相)中的POPs,同时使用聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)吸附气态的POPs.该采样技术还便于样品的运输和保存.研究表明,大气主动采样技术可以很好地运用于区域大气POPs的监测工作并填补了我国在POPs履约监测中专用仪器设备的空白.     

谈大气中有机气体的采样

有机气体污染物的采集是大气中有机样品测定的第一步.而标准监测方法和较为成熟有针对性的监测方法又比较少.这就给我们的监测工作带来了困难.因此掌握一些有机气体污染物采样的基本原则和各种采样方法是完全必要的.大气中有机气体采集基本上分成两大类:直接(集气)采样和富集采样(浓缩采样).     

被动采样在水体中有机污染监测的应用:以PAHs为例

半透膜采样技术是一种可原位、连续、动态监测水环境中非极性、弱极性有机污染物的被动采样技术,已在国内外发展20余年,但在环境监测中使用很少。从半透膜被动采样特点、采样器构造入手,着重对应用该技术的环节进行剖析,同时涉及被动采样结果及其评价方法。最后以多环芳烃（PAHs）为例,综述了近年来SPMD技术监控水体中非极性、弱极性有机污染物的常用分析技术及其发展。     

大气连续采样在乌鲁木齐应用分析

对乌鲁木齐市大气连续采样方法试运行实验进行总结，比较了以往的定时采样方法后认为，连续采样方法更准确反映本地大气污染物的状况。     

关于大气采样效率的含义、测定和应用

一、大气采样效率的提出:大气样品采样方法通常有三种:直接采样法、富集采样法和无动力采样法.第一种方法适合于大气中某污染物含量较高的测定,可直接以注射器、采气袋或采气管等进行采样;第三种方法则不需以任何动力,根据污染物的某些性质,使大气中的某污染物直接与试纸或采样用滤纸上某物质发生物理的或化学的反应,得到可供测定用的样品;第二种方法富集采样法,也称浓缩采样法,则适合于大气中某污染物含量较低的测定,用得较多的是溶液吸收法,其次是固体阻留法,而冷冻法则用得较少.不管对于哪种采样方法,都存在着     

无组织排放监测的点位设置与采样

工业企业排放大气污染物分集中排放和无组织排放两种方式，GB 16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》(简称《标准》)和HJ／T 55-2000《大气污染物无组织排放监测技术导则》(简称《导则》)是无组织排放监测的主要技术依据。     

几种常见被动采样技术在水环境中研究进展

总结了半透膜被动采样器(SPMDs)、极性有机化合物整合采样器(POCIS)、化学捕收器(Chemcatcher)和硅橡胶被动采样器(Silicon rubber)几种常用被动采样器的结构组成、应用模型、原理、样品的前处理、影响因素及应用范围,指出几种被动采样技术应用上存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行总结和展望。     

大气磷干沉降采样方法对比分析

以四川农业大学成都校区为监测点,采用大气主动采样法(AA)、大气干表面法(ADS)及大气湿表面法(AWS)3种常用干沉降采集方法做大气磷干沉降通量对比试验。结果表明,3种采样方法获得的大气磷干沉降通量间具有显著的差异性及相关性(P0.05),三者间可以进行换算统一;AA法适用于较短采样周期的连续性监测研究,ADS法适用于较长采样周期(5 d)的监测研究,而AWS法更适用于在长采样周期(月)内选取一段时间作为干沉降监测的研究。     

VOCs在线监测系统与SUMMA罐采样-气质联用法的比对分析

将挥发性有机污染物在线监测系统与实验室内SUMMA罐采样气质联用法(GC-MS)的挥发性有机物分析进行了标准气体和实际空气样品的分析比对,并对偏差原因作分析,提出在线监测系统的维护建议。结果表明,挥发性有机物在线监测系统的监测结果与实验室方法有一定的可比性,可用于大气中挥发性有机污染物的在线监测。     

固体废物样品采集过程中几种采样误差的研究

固体废物由于其自身特殊的理化特性和在产生、排放以及存贮过程中存在着的随机和非随机不均匀性,使得欲采集有“代表性”的样品要比采集大气、水质样品困难得多,如果采样误差大,无论怎样降低采样误差,也很难对污染物有一个正确评价.由此可见,降低采样误差至关重要.1.采样方法带来的采样误差在污染源的固体废物采样过程中,要根据污染物的不同的产生排放形式和采样目的选择     

Occupational and indoor air exposure to persistent organic pollutants: a review of passive sampling techniques and needs

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related compounds such as PCBs, brominated flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs is regarded as an important environmental risk factor for humans. Recently concerns about POPs resulted in the international protocol called the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Air quality standards (indoor, outdoor and occupational) for PAHs and other POPs will also be applied in the EU in the future. This will bring requirements for monitoring, to check for compliance and to reduce human exposures to POPs. This can occur from point sources and in various microenvironments, indoors, outdoors and in workplaces. Monitoring can be undertaken either by an active (pumped) method or using a passive (diffusive) air sampling (PAS) device. To date, PAS for POPs have mainly been used as integrating (long-term) samplers for ambient (outdoor) air. However, there are several reasons to develop PAS for monitoring of POPs in occupational and indoor environments. We discuss the potential advantages, limitations and developments needed, so that PAS can be used reliably and routinely indoors and in occupational settings for POPs.     

大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器，在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点，进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB，HCHs，DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明，平行样品的重现性良好，平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度，可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解；而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势，可以归因于林丹的使用。     

Verifying emission factors and national POPs emission inventories for the UK using measurements and modelling at two rural locations

Different approaches are used to verify the adequacy of emission factors (EFs) and their use in emission inventories of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The applicability of EFs was tested using atmospheric dispersion modelling to predict atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and resulting toxic equivalents (SigmaTEQ) and particulate matter <10 microm (PM(10)) in two rural locations in northern England (UK). The modelling was based on general assumptions of fuel composition, consumption and heating needs to simulate emissions of POPs from the domestic burning of coal and wood where ambient measurements were made in the winter of 1998. The model was used to derive the local contribution to ambient air concentrations, which were estimated independently based on comparative air measurements. The results support the hypothesis that in both villages, the majority of PAHs and the lower chlorinated PCDFs were locally released. The situation for PCBs and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) was different. While the EFs show the release of both compound groups from the domestic burning of coal and wood, the ambient levels of these "legacy POPs" in the villages were still clearly dominated by other sources. Rural areas relying mainly on fossil fuels can exceed the proposed UK ambient air quality standard for benzo[a]pyrene during winter. The measured EFs were then used to estimate the importance of the domestic burning of coal and wood to national emission inventories for these compound classes. Extrapolations to the UK suggest that the domestic burning of pure wood and coal were minor emitters for chlorinated POPs but contributed strongly to PAH and PM(10) levels in 2000. Finally, the UK's national POPs emission inventories based on source inventories and EF, as used here, were compared to estimates derived using the increase in atmospheric concentration of selected POPs.     

Penguin colonies as secondary sources of contamination with persistent organic pollutants

Although long-range atmospheric transport has been described as the predominant mechanism for exposing polar regions to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), recent studies have suggested that bird activity can also contribute substantially to contaminant levels in some environments. However, because the species so far reported have all been migratory, it has not been demonstrated conclusively whether locally elevated contamination represents transport from lower latitudes by the migrating birds or, alternatively, redistribution and concentration of contaminants that were already present in the high-latitude environments. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that several POPs are present in elevated concentrations in an environment frequented by a non-migratory species (Adélie penguins) that spends its entire life in the Antarctic. Levels of POPs, such as p,p'-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes (CHLs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were 10 to 100-fold higher in soil samples from penguin colonies than from reference areas. This significant difference is likely related to local penguin activity, such as a higher abundance of guano and the presence of bird carcasses. This hypothesis is also supported by a higher percentage of persistent congeners (PCB 99, 118, 138 and 153) in the soil from the colonies compared to the reference areas. This profile of PCB congeners closely matched profiles seen in penguin eggs or penguin blood.     

Persistent organic pollutants in European background air: derivation of temporal and latitudinal trends

Data are presented for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyls ethers (PBDEs) and selected organochlorine compounds (OCs) in passive air samplers (PAS) along a rural/remote latitudinal transect from southern UK to northern Norway during 2002-2004. This study is part of an ongoing campaign, using semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as PAS over two year intervals since 1994. Data for PCBs, selected OCs and PBDEs are compared with that from previous campaigns. Absolute sequestered amounts of selected PCB congeners have decreased in a first order fashion between 1994-2004, with an average atmospheric clearance rate of 4.1 +/- 0.6 years and continue to fractionate with latitude. HCB has also declined between 1998-2004, with a clearance rate of 6 +/- 2.4 years. Data on DDT and its breakdown products indicate little fresh release in Europe. Comparison of PBDEs in 2000-02 and 2002-04 indicates site differences, generally with increases at UK sites and decreases in Norway. BDE-28, 47 and 49 decreased with increasing latitude (p < 0.04), while the other congeners did not show any significant latitudinal dependence. Transect data are presented for PAHs the first time. Three- and 4-ringed compounds dominated the mixture present in the SPMD. The PAH composition of the SPMDs at site 3 was compared to the average composition taken by active sampling at the same site. SPMD performance for sampling PAHs leaves many uncertainties, but they can be successfully used to semiquantitatively detect PAHs in the atmosphere. Fluorene and phenanthrene increased with latitude (p > 0.05), while 1-methylphenanthere, fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and indeno[123-cd]pyrene decreased. Results are discussed in terms of sources, long-range atmospheric transport, global fractionation and clearance processes.     

Trends in background levels of persistent organic pollutants at Kosetice observatory, Czech Republic.1) Part I. Ambient air and wet deposition 1996-2005

Kosetice observatory is a facility of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, which is a part of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) network. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs: PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, PAHs) have been monitored in all environmental matrices using the integrated monitoring approach. Generally, the atmospheric levels of POPs in this Central European background station (mean values: 0.115 ng m(-3) for SigmaPCBs, 0.040 ng m(-3) for SigmaDDTs, 0.077 ng m(-3) for SigmaHCHs, and 17 ng m(-3) for SigmaPAHs) are significantly higher than those in other EMEP stations localized mostly in Northern and Western Europe. Long-term trends of POP concentrations in the ambient air and wet deposition are presented in this article and they show a slow decline in the last decade for most of the investigated compounds. Temporally increased levels of certain chemicals were associated with some local climatic (floods) or socio-economic (fuel prices) factors.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)的环境问题与研究进展

对持久性有机污染物(persistentorganicpollutants:POPs)的定义、来源和特征进行了介绍。阐述了POPs对环境安全性构成威胁的原因。分析了持久性有机污染物,特别是12类优先控制的"dirtydozen"的环境污染状况,并分析了这些物质在全球大气、水体和土壤中存在的量和来源。这些物质在不同生物体内的浓度存在差异,反映出它们在食物链上的生物累积和放大,也加剧了对环境和人体的毒害作用。总结回顾了有关POPs的相关基础研究,并对将来继续深入研究和对环境监测的指导意义进行了展望。     

Measurement of environmental pollutants using passive sampling devices--a commentary on the current state of the art

Passive sampling devices have been used since the 1970s to measure time-weighted average (TWA) or equilibrium concentrations of pollutants in various environmental matrices (e.g. air, soils and sediments and water). In recent years the popularity of using such samplers has increased and the technology in now well established for the measurement of atmospheric pollutants. This sector has a long experience of using passive samplers in the short- and long-term assessment of air quality in the local environment and on a global scale (e.g. within the United Nations Stockholm Convention on the trans-boundary movement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) where large networks of samplers on a continental scale have been established). In comparison, the use of passive samplers for monitoring the aquatic environment has been slower to take off. There has, however, been a recent research drive to develop devices for measuring the wide range of pollutants that can be found in environmental waters (e.g. ground, surface, and marine). It is now being recognised that passive samplers can play a valuable role in monitoring water quality within a legislative framework such as the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD). The data from these devices can be used alongside the results obtained from conventional spot or bottle sampling to improve risk assessments and to inform decisions on undertaking potentially expensive remedial actions. Such monitoring techniques may have uses within the European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation & restriction of CHemicals (REACH) Directive and the forthcoming European Marine Strategy Directive. It is expected that the aquatic monitoring sector will follow a transition similar to that which occurred in air monitoring where data obtained from passive samplers can use used within a legal framework. There has also been increased interest in extending the role of passive samplers to both the measurement of equilibrium concentrations and investigating the movement and release of the dissolved fraction of various pollutants in the pore water of sediments and soils.     

淮南市大气PM_(10)中多环芳烃污染特征的研究

对2008年05至11月淮南市5个采样点大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品进行分析,总结了研究区内PM10及其中16种PAHs的浓度特征、季节变化规律和来源解析。研究区内16种PAHs浓度总和的范围在15.20~111.58ng.m-3之间,平均值为40.40ng.m-3,中位数为33.34ng.m-3。PAHs总量的季节变化与采样时环境温度显示出较好的负相关性,即秋季>春季>夏季;运用多环芳烃比值综合判断,淮南市大气PM10中PAHs主要以燃煤和机动车尾气混合来源为主,石油源和木材燃烧来源的贡献较小。