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1.
Mehaffey MH Nash MS Wade TG Ebert DW Jones KB Rager A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,107(1-3):29-44
The Catskill/Delaware reservoirs supply 90% of New York City’s drinking water. The City has implemented a series of watershed protection measures, including land acquisition, aimed at preserving water quality in the Catskill/Delaware watersheds. The objective of this study was to examine how relationships between landscape and surface water measurements change between years. Thirty-two drainage areas delineated from surface water sample points (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria concentrations) were used in step-wise regression analyses to test landscape and surface-water quality relationships. Two measurements of land use, percent agriculture and percent urban development, were positively related to water quality and consistently present in all regression models. Together these two land uses explained 25 to 75% of the regression model variation. However, the contribution of agriculture to water quality condition showed a decreasing trend with time as overall agricultural land cover decreased. Results from this study demonstrate that relationships between land cover and surface water concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria counts over a large area can be evaluated using a relatively simple geographic information system method. Land managers may find this method useful for targeting resources in relation to a particular water quality concern, focusing best management efforts, and maximizing benefits to water quality with minimal costs.The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here. It has been subjected to Agency’s administrative review and approved for publication as an EPA document. 相似文献
2.
Water quality indice are necessary for resolving lengthy, multi-parameter, water analysis reports into single digit scores. This, in turn, is essential for comparing the water quality of different sources and in monitoring the changes in the water quality of a given source as a function of time and other influencing factors.In this paper we present the computer-automated tool QUALIDEX (water QUALIty inDEX), which has been developed by us to generate and operate water quality indice. Several popular indice – such as the Oregon Water Quality Index developed in the 1970s by Oregon Department of Environmental Quality and later updated in 1995, the Aquatic Toxicity Index developed by Wepener and coworkers for protection of aquatic life at the Olifants river, Kruger National Park, South Africa, the water quality index developed by Dinius in 1987, the Overall Index of Pollution (of surface waters) developed at the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), and the water quality index of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – have also been added to QUALIDEX in modular form. There is also a New
water quality index sub-module which enables the user to generate his or her own index and compare its performance with these well-known indice. The package is also capable of analyzing the variations in the water quality of different sites at different times. The software has been coded in Visual C++ and has been integrated with MS Access database. 相似文献
3.
Nives Štambuk-Giljanović 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,71(3):279-296
The article presents the results of chemical andmicrobiological measurements of the water quality in theBuko Blato reservoir, the largest in Europe, in the period 1989 to 1998.The aim was to observe possiblechanges in water quality during the past decade and itsinfluence on the downstream section of the Cetina River andits numerous tributaries and reservoirs, where there are twolarge regional water supply systems. This reservoir wasbuilt in order to exploit the high hydro-electric potentialof small streamflows in the karst fields of south-westernBosnia. It has strongly influenced the hydrologicconditions of the downstream section of the Cetina River.Buko Blato is a relatively shallow reservoir with the meandepth of 5 m. It covers an area of 57 km2. The waterexchange in the reservoir is slow, occurring from one toseveral years. When the water inflow exceeds the hydroelectric plant demands the excess water is delivered by a reversible channel and pre-pumped into the Buko Blato reservoir. The total and carbonate water hardness in thereservoir is lower than in the Cetina River and in typicalkarst streamflows, since the water in this reservoir comesmainly from surface sources including numerous springs withhigh capacity oscillations, torrents and rainfall.Measurements, carried out during the past years, showed asignificant increase in nitrate content as well as in thecoli bacteria and a less significant increase in totalphosphorus content. The water quality was evaluated asmezotrophic according to the total phosphorus content basedon the Carlson index of trophic level, a lower quality thanin the Perua reservoir, upstream on the Cetina River. Thelatter contains a smaller phosphorus content and wasclassed between oligotrophic and mezotrophic. According tothese data, employing the Vollenweider equation, the totalphosphorus content in this water should not exceed the meanof 20 mg m-3 P. The results indicate that the water inthe Buko Blato reservoir did not deteriorate the waterquality on the downstream section of the Cetina River. 相似文献
4.
This study evaluates the spatial patterns of land occupation and their relationship to water quality in the Cuiabá River watershed, one of the main affluents of the Pantanal floodplain. The impact of farming and other land occupation forms were studied using a three year time series. Monitoring included 15 parameters at 21 stations with a total of 1266 different samples. Ten stations along the Cuiabá River were ordinated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For an exploratory analysis in the spatial domain, sub-basins of the Cuiabá watershed were classified according to mean concentrations of selected water quality parameters. Supervised classification of digital Landsat ETM imagery and standard GIS techniques were applied to parameterize land use and occupation according to a watershed scale. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) was then used to evaluate impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on water quality.A Cuiabá headwater station only shows slightly elevated total coliform counts and concentrations of nutrients in the river after it passes regions of extensive cattle farming. After the confluence with the Manso River, nutrient and COD concentrations increase significantly, receiving loads from sub-basins under intensive agricultural land use, with mean annual concentrations up to 1.74 mg/L of total nitrogen (Kjedahl). Sub-watersheds with intensive fishing culture activities were shown to have significant impact on nitrogen concentrations, reaching mean concentrations of 2.66 mg/L of total nitrogen in the affluents. Most serious biological and chemical water pollution can be observed at stream outlets in the urban agglomeration of Cuiabá/Várzea Grande. Affluent pollution is reflected in the water quality of the Cuiabá River: subsequent monitoring stations in the urban area are ordinated on a gradient of increasing degradation of chemical and biological water quality. The auto-depuration capacity of the Cuiabá River is intact, but elevated concentrations of Phosphorous and Chemical Oxygen Demand can be observed as far away as the Pantanal floodplain, about 120 km downstream from the urban agglomeration. 相似文献
5.
Cerqueira MA Vieira FN Ferreira RV Silva JF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):297-306
The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of the Cértima River basin (Central Portugal). For that purpose, surface
water samples were collected in March, May and July 2003, at 10 selected sampling sites, and were analysed for physicochemical
parameters, namely temperature, conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus. Results revealed an acceptable water quality during the spring season. Maxima of
64 mg dm−3 for BOD5, 39 mg dm−3 for Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 5.2 mg dm−3 for total phosphorus, were recorded during summer, indicating a significant degradation of the water quality in a river stretch
located downstream of the town of Mealhada. These values, which did not comply with the objectives of minimum quality for
surface waters prescribed by the Portuguese legislation, were related to domestic wastewater discharges and runoff waters
from a cattle farm. Besides their effects on the middle stretch of the river, these pollution sources were the most likely
cause of the high nutrient load in downstream waters, and thus may have a major impact on the trophic status of Pateira de
Fermentelos, a sensitive wetland area located in the lower Cértima basin. 相似文献
6.
Kuroshima KN Barreiros MA Lacava LA Costódio PF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,129(1-3):179-187
Since February 1999, the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) of Balneário Camboriú, Brazil, started a complementary
treatment with ClO2 application on its effluent. It was realized to minimize its impacts caused by increase of the population during summer.
This study was realized in order to verify the influence of this compound in the water quality and the environmental evaluations.
Samples of surface water were collected in this environment between January 1997 and June 2001 for chemical and microbiological
surveys. The results had shown that after application of ClO2, fecal coliforms were decreased about six times in the beach (2.3 × 103 to 3.5 × 102 MPN/100 ml) and three times in the river (3.3 × 104 to 1.0 × 104 MPN/100 ml), during summer time. NH4
+ showed an increase of about four times and 1.5 times, respectively, to beach and river. These results are showing the influence
of ClO2 on chemical and microbiological parameters. 相似文献
7.
Momo FR Casset MA Gantes P Torremorell AM Perelli RM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,112(1-3):271-281
From November 2000 to September 2001, eight points in the Iberá lagoon were sampled bimonthly. At each point, pH, temperature
and dissolved oxygen were measured and invertebrates were collected from the water around macrophytes by mean of a net of
180 μ m pore size. Four biotic indices were calculated and compared, given similar trends. The total number of taxa shows
to be a good and simple indicator of water quality. Averaging indices across points we obtained a good positive correlation
between indices and temperature. In this ecosystem, multi-habitat sampling must be used in order to obtain a good estimation
of ecological integrity. The total number of taxa can be used for water quality assessment. 相似文献
8.
GEMS/Water介绍(1)朱玉栋(中国环境监测总站,北京100012)GLobaLEnvironmentalMonitoringSystem(简称为GEMS)是全球环境监测系统;GEMS/Water是全球环境监测系统中的水质监测,通常称为全球水质... 相似文献
9.
GEMS/Water介绍(2)朱玉栋(中国环境监测总站,北京100012)GEMS/Water于1990年8月在前苏联的列宁格勒(圣彼得堡)召开了专家会议。对GEMS/Water自开始以来的第一阶段工作进行了总结,并对从1991年至2000年的第二阶... 相似文献
10.
The transboundary River Nestos in the Balkan Peninsula is a surface water resource shared by Hellas and Bulgaria. The Public Power Corporation of Hellas (DEH) proceeded to the dams' construction of Thesaurus in 1997 and Platanovrissi in 2000, to satisfy the increased needs for power
production and irrigation in the Regions of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in the Hellenic Territory. DEH following the Ministerial
Agreement of the Hellenic Parliament ‘`KYA 18492/19—09—1996’' funded a series of Research Projects concerned on the monitoring
of the water quantity and quality data of Nestos from the Hellenic-Bulgarian borders to its estuaries in the Thracian sea.
‘`PERSEAS’' Research Group from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, carried out the research, design, construction, installation,
operation and maintenance of the ‘`R.E.MO.S.’' (Remote Environmental MOnitoring System) networks. Three REMOS networks have
been installed in the areas of (a) the River Nestos deltaic channel, (b) Thesaurus dam-lake in the intramountainous valley
and (c) Potamoi (Despat) and Pagoneri (Nestos) villages close to the borders between Hellas and Bulgaria. They record water
level (H), water and air temperature (T), water conductivity (ECw), Redox potential (RP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) on a 24h
basis, since the beginning of the year 2000. The research carried out in this paper, is focused on the REMOS station in the
final course of Nestos in the deltaic area. The continuous monitoring and the data analysis yield useful results for the quality
and quantity of the hydrologic regime of Nestos after the dams' construction, as well as for the trends detected of the quality
parameters (ECw, RP and DO) and the water level, using the nonparametric Spearman's criterion. The best fitted model of time
trend, for each variable, was chosen. The statistical sample of each one of the quality variables consisted of about 1000
values based on daily measures on a three years monitoring program (1/1/2000—31/12/2002). Further research and analysis for
the other network stations of REMOS should provide useful results for the sustainable management of the transboundary River
Nestos. 相似文献
11.
Water quality improvement through macrophytes—a review 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Increasing urbanization, industrialization and over population is leading to the degradation of the environment. The main hazardous contents of the water pollution are heavy metals etc. Water bodies are the main targets for disposing the pollutants directly or indirectly. They are again at the receiving end as the storm water, residential and commercial waste is disposed into it. The prevailing purification technologies used to remove the contaminants are too costly and sometimes non-eco friendly also. Therefore, the research is oriented towards low cost and eco friendly technology for water purification, which will be beneficial for community. The present paper is a comprehensive review of approximately 38 literature sources. The paper discusses the potential of different aquatic plants (macrophytes) in purifying water and wastewater. Experimental work was developed to test the hypothesis that nutrient enrichment enhances metal tolerance of relative macrophyte. 相似文献
12.
Industrial development in Visakhapatnam is conspicuous to urban agglomeration and the city is located in a topographical bowl formed by two-hill ranges. A major portion of the city is within the bowl area wherein most of the industrial and commercial activities are existing and lies within a distance of 10 km from the shore of the Bay of Bengal. Due to the peculiar geographic location of city, wind movement is either eastern or western and is engulfed within the hill ranges. Hence, there is a possibility of buildup of air pollution levels within the city. Due to gravity of prevailing situation, air quality status of Visakhapatnam on indices basis is analyzed using a non-linear equation for variable parameters i.e. Suspended particulate matter (SPM). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), which are main criteria pollutants in India. For current analysis seasonal air quality data is used, which indicates SPM values in winter at most of the sites and in summer at few sites are exceeding the prescribed standards. Calculated indices reveal that, in winter as well as in summer, most of the locations experienced poor or bad air quality, which is mainly due to higher concentration of SPM and certain extent of SO2 values. Application of Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) type equations (non-linear) are helpful for air quality management plan in the region on long-term basis and it has been also observed that there are certain lapses of weightage assignment for individual pollutant in application. 相似文献
13.
Schiller H Schönfeld W Krasemann HL Schiller K 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,132(1-3):339-350
The aim of environmental surveillance is to monitor known phenomena as well as to detect exceptional situations. Synoptic
monitoring of large areas in coastal waters can be performed by remote sensing using multispectral sensors onboard satellites.
Many methods are in use which enable the detection and quantification of ‘standard algae’ or specific algae blooms using their
known spectral response. The present study focusses on the detection of spectra outside the known range and which are referred
to as exceptional spectra. In a first step observations from a one-year period were used to establish the parameterisation
of what is defined as ‘normal.’ In a second step observations from a different period were used to test the novelty detection
application, i.e. to look for features not occurring in the first period.
相似文献
14.
Alparslan E Aydöner C Tufekci V Tüfekci H 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,135(1-3):391-398
Water quality at Omerli Dam, which is a vital potable water resource of Istanbul City, Turkey was assessed using the first four bands of Landsat 7-ETM satellite data, acquired in May 2001 and water quality parameters, such as chlorophyll-a, suspended solid matter, secchi disk and total phosphate measured at several measurement stations at Omerli Dam during satellite image acquisition time and archived at the Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology laboratory of the Marmara Research Center, where this study was carried out. Establishing a relationship between this data, and the pixel reflectance values in the satellite image, chlorophyll-a, suspended solid matter, secchi disk and total phosphate maps were produced for the Omerli Dam. 相似文献
15.
Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of
ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post
monsoon periods of year 2001. Results showed the groundwater of the basin is acidic for which the pH values ranged between
5.5 and 8.0. Average EC was found to be less than 100 μS/cm, for most of the study region. The pre monsoon minimum and maximum
TDS were found as 25.6 and 227.84 mg/L respectively, where as post monsoon values ranged between 16 and 162.56 mg/L. The relatively
low EC and TDS values found both during the seasons in the lateritic terrain of the river basin signifies the lower residence
time of ground water with the country rock. This makes the groundwater quality of this river basin as good. Pre monsoon season
samples showed high total iron content than that during the post monsoon period. During the study period values of the fluoride
contents were found to be within the permissible limits. 相似文献
16.
GEMS/Water介绍(3)──1993年监测结果(Ⅰ)表1长江武汉站水质监测结果(mg/L)注:L表示检测结果低于最低检出限,L前放值为最低检出限值.农2黄河治日越*质监测结果(myL)往gL含义同表1;G表示检日结果高于可检出范围,G前数值为最... 相似文献
17.
Custer TW Dummer PM Custer CM Li AU Warburton D Melancon MJ Hoffman DJ Matson CW Bickham JW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,133(1-3):335-345
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted a water drawdown on Navigation Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River during the
summers of 2001 and 2002 to increase aquatic vegetation production and thereby improve fish and wildlife habitat. Flooding
of previously dried wetlands, however, may increase the rate of mercury methylation and make mercury more available to terrestrial
vertebrates that feed in aquatic environments. Our objective was to determine if mercury, other elements, and organochlorine
contaminants were more available to vertebrates following the 2001 drawdown. Tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs and nestlings were collected at two sites on Pool 8 and a nearby Reference site in 2000 (pre-2001 drawdown), 2001 (pre-2001
drawdown) and 2002 (post-2001 drawdown) and tissues were analyzed for mercury, other elements, and organochlorine contaminants.
Bioindicator measurements of genetic damage, oxidative stress, ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity, and the ratio of liver to nestling mass were also measured in nestlings at all sites and all years.
Based on a multivariate analysis, the 2001 drawdown of Pool 8 did not influence element concentrations, organochlorine concentrations,
or bioindicator response. Concentrations of inorganic and organochlorine contaminants in tree swallow eggs and nestlings were
not at toxic levels. Hatching success did not differ among years and was comparable to the nationwide average. 相似文献
18.
Nahanni National Park Reserve is located at southwestern NWT-Yukon border. One of the first UNESCO World Heritage sites, Nahanni lies within Taiga Cordillera and Taiga Shield Ecozones. Base and precious metal mining occurred upstream of Nahanni prior to park establishment. Nahanni waters, sediments, fish, and caribou have naturally elevated metals levels. Baseline water, sediment and fish tissue quality data were collected and analyzed throughout Nahanni during 1988–91 and 1992–97. These two programs characterized how aquatic quality variables are naturally varying in space and time, affected by geology, stream flow, seasonality, and extreme meteorological and geological events. Possible anthropogenic causes of aquatic quality change were examined. Measured values were compared to existing Guidelines and site-specific objectives were established. 相似文献
19.
Modelling Wetland Bird Response to Water Level Changes in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River Hydrosystem 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Desgranges JL Ingram J Drolet B Morin J Savage C Borcard D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,113(1-3):329-365
Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River (LOSL) wetland bird abundance and diversity are greatly influenced by lake and river hydrology. Our study used an interdisciplinary ecosystem approach, blending avian and plant ecology, ecohydraulic, statistical ecology and modelling to evaluate potential impacts of water level fluctuations on indicator species representative of the wetland breeding bird assemblages in the entire LOSL freshwater system. Multi-year (2000–2003) bird surveys captured bird distribution and density in wetland habitats under varying degrees of water inandation, depth and fluctuation. Analyses revealed strong associations between estimated breeding pair densities and plant communities, water depth, and degree of water level fluctuation during the breeding season for a suite of wetland bird species using marsh, wet meadow, shrub swamp and treed swamp habitats. These quantitative associations were used to develop wetland bird performance indicators for use in a LOSL water regulation review study. Several bird species also nest at or near the water surface and are thus vulnerable to nest flooding or stranding. Changes to the seasonal hydrology of Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River that result in an increased frequency or magnitude of these nest failure events may have a significant impact on regional population sustainability. Long term nest record databases were analyzed to create nesting flooding and stranding probability equations based on water level increases and decreases during the breeding season. These species-specific nesting relationships were incorporated into a reproduction index.Many breeding bird species were strongly associated with specific wetland plant communities. Predicted habitat suitability, as measured by estimated breeding pair density, can also change significantly within a specific wetland plant community based solely on changes in water depth during the breeding season. Three indicator species, Black Tern, Least Bittern and Virginia Rail were selected as key environmental performance indicators for alternate regulation plan comparisons.Water regulation criteria should be such that the long term diversity and abundance of wetland plant communities and frequency of spring flooding in marsh habitats during breeding are not reduced. Magnitude and frequency of water level change during the nesting season (May–July) can also adversely impact reproductive success of many wetland bird species. As such, regulation criteria that increase the seasonal magnitude and frequency of water level change may be detrimental to the long term viability of certain regional breeding bird populations. 相似文献
20.
Rodriguez MJ Vinette Y Sérodes JB Bouchard C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,89(1):69-93
The levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) – the main species of by-product from water chlorination – were monitored in thedistribution systems of the five major drinking water utilitiesof the greater area of Québec City in order to investigate andmodel their occurrence on a spatial and seasonal basis. Data forTHMs and other water quality and operational parametersassociated with their formation were generated through a 16 monthsampling program involving several sites representing variablewater residence times, from the plant to the system extremity.The results demonstrate that the differences in measured THMlevels between the five utilities are mainly due to the variablequality of raw waters, the type of water treatment process beingused and the type and levels of applied disinfectant. Dependingon the utility, average THM levels were from 1.3 to 2.5 timeshigher in the system extremities than in the water leaving thetreatment plant. Also, average levels of THMs measured in summerat the distribution system extremities were, depending on theutility, from 2.5 to 5 times higher than the average levelsmeasured in winter. The seasonal differences were found to besignificantly greater than those observed by others in waterutilities in the United States and Europe and are explained inlarge part by the considerable changes, over the year, in thequality and temperature of surface waters in Southern Québec. Forthe five utilities under study, multivariate regression modelswere developed in order to predict spatial and seasonalvariations of THMs. Both residual chlorine demand and temperaturewere found to be better, statistically, as predictors for THMoccurrence. The usefulness of the developed models for routineand long term water quality management, as well as for assessmentof human exposure to THMs, are also discussed. 相似文献