江阴地区主要河道浮游藻类群落特征

2010年9月和2011年1月、4月、7月共4次对江阴6条主要河道的浮游藻类群落特征开展调查分析。共发现浮游藻类7门141属种,种类丰富度和现存量夏秋季高于秋冬季。优势种属呈季节性演替,即冬季梅尼小环藻(Cyclotellameneghiniana)、颗粒直链硅藻(Aulacoseira granulata)-春季梅尼小环藻、啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、裸藻属(Euglenaspp.)、衣藻属(Chlamydomonas spp.)、卵囊藻属(Oocystis spp.)-夏季巨颤藻(Oscillatoria princeps)、阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrixagardhii)-秋季巨颤藻、阿氏浮丝藻、梅尼小环藻。南北向河道(锡澄运河、白屈港河和张家港河)的浮游藻类季节波动性大于东西向河道(应天河、东横河和西横河)。通过指示生物法,调查河道处于α,β-中污染状态。     

三峡库区大宁河2010年春季水华特征

以大宁河春季水华期间调查数据为基础,运用数理统计分析手段,通过描述大宁河春季水华期藻类及主要理化因子分布特征,揭示出影响藻类生长的主要因子。结果表明:大宁河春季水华期水华河段水体氮、磷含量较高,总氮浓度为1.2～4.11mg/L,平均值为1.748mg/L,总磷浓度为0.027～0.615mg/L,氮磷比均值为17.5。春季水华藻类适宜的光照强度为1400～3800lx,水温为13.0～14.0℃时叶绿素a含量有最大增长,平均水温为13.4℃,藻密度与总氮、总磷、水温、DO、pH、浊度、高锰酸盐指数呈显著正相关关系,与透明度呈负相关关系。回水河段流速小于0.05m/s,流速是藻类生长最主要的限制因子。大宁河回水河段春季水华藻类分布较广,主要有甲藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门、蓝藻门、裸藻门和黄藻门7门28属,其中甲藻门分布最广,其次是绿藻门。春季水华优势种主要有甲藻门的拟多甲藻,绿藻门的衣藻、小球藻,硅藻门的直链藻,蓝藻门的色球藻等。     

南京南湖底泥疏浚后水质演化规律调查

对疏浚后的南京南湖底泥的TP、TN和COD释放规律、补水后的水质状况以及藻类演替规律进行了调查。结果表明,上覆水中TP平均质量浓度基本不随自来水补入量的增加而发生变化,TN和COD质量浓度随自来水补入量的增加而增大;水体中的TP、TN和COD含量总体呈上升趋势;从2005年3月中旬起,出现藻类的大量繁殖,在2005年7月发生水华,藻类优势种由裸藻、隐藻和小环藻演替为裸藻、栅藻和韦斯藻,藻类总量由2005年3月的3.7×106L-1上升到2006年4月的1.5×107L-1。     

连云港入海河流着生藻类群落特征及其水质评价

于2019年3月和7月对连云港主要入海河流着生藻类群落结构进行了调查，并基于水生态环境质量综合指数对15条入海河流水质进行评价。结果表明，良好以上的断面占总数的66.7%，调查共发现硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻、裸藻、黄藻及金藻共计106种着生藻类，其中春季60种，夏季80种；硅藻为全年优势种。着生藻类全年平均密度为42 266.7 个/cm²，各断面密度差异较大。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H’）为1.46~392，平均值为2.93，其中夏季H’_平均为3.07，高于春季的2.80，总体呈放置7 d样品多样性高于14 d样品的趋势。     

太湖金墅港区域冬春季硅藻群落变化及其影响因素分析

采用Illumina高通量测序技术研究太湖金墅港区域的硅藻群落结构及其与环境因子之间的相关性。2019年11月—2020年4月共检测到28个属的硅藻种类,主要包括小环藻属（Cyclotella sp.）、菱形藻属（Nitzschia sp.）、直链藻属（Aulacoseira sp.）、波缘藻属（Cymatopleura sp.）、辐环藻属（Actinocyclus sp.）和骨条藻属（Skeletonema sp.）等,还出现了海洋生境种类海链藻属（Thalassiosira sp.）。结果表明,12月和3月硅藻为金墅港水域的优势种,水温与硅藻群落数量的相关性最强。     

鄱阳湖平原区农村门塘浮游藻类群落特征及其生物学评价

于2018年—2019年在鄱阳湖区周边选取4个县（区）10个村庄的典型门塘开展浮游藻类采样调查。研究共鉴定出藻类6门83种，以蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门为主；浮游藻类细胞密度全年范围为7.30×104个/L～2.78×1011个/L，年均值为1.4×1010个/L，其中夏季细胞密度最大，冬季细胞密度最小；优势种主要有小环藻、微囊藻、铜绿微囊藻、卵形隐藻等，且具有较为明显的季节演替，全年优势种为小环藻；藻类多样性指数（H′）年均值为1.49，丰富度指数（M）年均值为1.92，全年水体生物学评价结果为中度污染。     

南黄海2007—2017年浮游植物群落结构及多样性变化

在2007-2017年秋季，利用专业海洋调查船对整个南黄海海域开展了5个航次的浮游植物调查。结果发现：调查海域共有浮游植物371种，隶属4门108属。其中硅藻门有56属237种，甲藻门有24属98种，硅藻和甲藻是组成南黄海海域浮游植物最主要的两大类群。主要优势种有裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp.）、柔弱拟菱形藻（Nitz.delicatissima）、蓝隐藻（Chroomonas sp.）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、锥状施克里普藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和环沟藻（Gyrodinium spp.）等。2007年以来，南黄海浮游植物种类数呈明显上升趋势。浮游植物细胞密度平均为1.96×10⁴个/L，年际变化较大。将调查结果与众多文献比对，共发现9种藻类为中国新记录藻种，其中有4种硅藻和5种甲藻。     

盐城市主要入海河流着生藻类群落特征及水生态评价

为研究盐城入海河流水生态质量状况,于2022年5月和9月对盐城主要入海河流着生藻类群落结构进行调查,并基于河流水生态环境质量综合评价指数对10条入海河流进行水生态评价。结果表明,全年水质优Ⅲ类以上断面比例为70%,高锰酸盐指数和溶解氧是影响断面水质的主要影响因子;着生藻类香农-维纳（Shannon Wienner）多样性指数（H′）为2.77～4.4,平均值为3.97,评价级别总体为优秀。调查发现,着生藻类包括硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻、裸藻、甲藻、隐藻和黄藻共7门129种,其中5月发现着生藻88种（属）,9月发现着生藻95种（属）,硅藻门为全年优势种。河流水生态环境质量综合评价指数（WEQI）评价结果为良好,良好级别占比80%,制约盐城主要入海河流生态质量综合指数的因素为水质和生境。     

红枫湖水库水体富营养化及浮游植物群落结构特征

2008-2009年通过对红枫湖水库浮游植物及环境因子进行采样调查,并运用综合营养状态指数对红枫湖水库营养状态进行评价.研究结果显示,红枫湖水库浮游植物全年以蓝藻、绿藻为主的优势种群落,且在2008-2009年经常性局部发生蓝藻水华:冬、春季节主要是水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)的蓝藻水华；夏季主要是微囊藻属(Microcystis)蓝藻水华；秋季浮游植物主要是颗粒直链藻(Melosira)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)为主的硅藻类群,未出现水华现象.通过综合营养状态指数计算得红枫湖水库水体水质处于富营养化状态.     

溪源水库蓄水前后冬春季水体营养盐和浮游植物特征研究

于2007—2008年溪源水库蓄水前,2014—2015年溪源水库蓄水后对溪源宫水源地水体进行采样,分析了冬春季水体的理化指标、浮游植物生物量及群落组成。蓄水前共鉴定出浮游植物6门26属43种,水体水质状况较好,浮游植物细胞密度平均为7.31×10~5cells/L,以硅藻、绿藻门为优势门类,两者占浮游植物总生物量的比例约为54.7%、32.2%,水体呈贫-中营养状态。蓄水后,水体氮、磷营养盐浓度分别约为蓄水前的2.4倍、3倍,浮游植物细胞密度平均为1.42×10~7cells/L,约为蓄水前的20倍,且群落结构发生改变,优势门类为硅藻、蓝藻、绿藻,所占比例分别为40.2%、38.7%、14.4%,蓝藻门比例有显著提高,约为蓄水前的5倍。说明建库蓄水对浮游植物的影响显著。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa)

A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in thegroundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea, North-East Africa,along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration offluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found tobe 3.73 mg L^-1, well above the safety level for consumption.Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride hasbeen established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of highfluoride content.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Organochlorines and Mercury in Waterfowl Harvested in Canada

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. ΣDDT, ΣCBz and ΣPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. ΣHCH and ΣMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained ΣPCB concentrations of 1.0–2.4 mg kg⁻¹, ΣPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a ΣDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg⁻¹ ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww. The highest ΣCHL (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.     

兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量,酸雨,主要流域水质,近岸域海水水质,地下水水位与水质,城市声环境、射环境质量,典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析,指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染,地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。