山东省主要农产品中放射性核素浓度及其浓集特性

本文介绍了用Ge(Li)γ谱测定山东省13种农产品及其相应土壤中~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(232)Th,~(40)K和~(137)Cs放射性植素的含量,分别计算了浓积系数,结果表明,有些农作物对某些核素具有特殊的浓积作用     

新疆食品中天然放射性核素水平及所致居民剂量

本文报道了新疆十一类 (21种)食品中U、Th、~(226)Ra和~(40)K的浓度.所得结果均属正常水平,且与国内有关报道较为一致.通过估算得出了新疆居民四种核素(~(238)U、~(234)U、~(232)T h和~(226)Ra)的年总摄入量为65.6Bq,所致总待积有效剂量当量为14.0μSv.     

水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性水平及其与残渣含量的关系

本文报道了新疆地区37个不同水源水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性比活度和残渣含量的调查结果.结果表明,水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性比活度和残渣含量的算术均值和标准偏差分别为0.84±0.74,0.48±0.37, 0.24±0.16(Bg/L)和1.27±0.72(g/L).水中总α放射性主要是天然铀系核素贡献.水中总α、总β和~(238)U放射性水平与残渣含量呈直线正相关,且可用通式y=a+bx描述.     

连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中放射性核素含量水平

采用高纯锗γ谱仪测量连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中7种放射性核素含量水平,分析其粒度特征和放射性核素分布特征,并与我国其他海域作对比。结果表明,该海域以细颗粒沉积物为主,以悬移质泥沙搬运为主要沉积模式;沉积物中~(210)Pb、~(238)U、~(228)Ra、~(40)K、~(226)Ra、~(228)Th、~(137)Cs的测定均值分别为50.89 Bq/kg、39.98 Bq/kg、46.70 Bq/kg、898.72 Bq/kg、25.20 Bq/kg、51.65 Bq/kg、2.01 Bq/kg,虽然比活度变化较大,但总体处于一个水平;每个采样点位各核素出现的极大值有所不同,与离岸距离无明显关系;铀系、钍系衰变系列核素的放射性均呈现出一定的衰变不平衡性;沉积物中~(40)K含量明显高于我国其他海域,~(137)Cs含量明显低于渤海湾,总体高于其他南部海域,与以往研究结论基本一致。     

饮水中^234U,^235U,^238U比活度及其评价

本文报道了新疆居民饮水中~(234)U、~(235)U和~(238)U比活度.它们的人口加权几何均值和算术均值分别为,~(234)U:113和186mBq/L;~(235)U: 3.0和 5.0mBq/L;~(238)U:65.9和108mBq/L.~(238)U的几何标准偏差为2.79.~(234)U/~(238)U活度比值为1.72.居民由饮水摄入~(234)U和~(238)U所受的有效剂量当量为13.5μSv/a,诱发1348万居民骨癌期望数约为1例/年.     

阿勒泰地区饮用水中~(226)Ra和~(238)U浓度及其所致居民剂量

本文报告了阿勒泰居民饮用水中~(226)Ra和~(238)U浓度及其所致居民有效剂量当量。其结果除个别水样中~(238)U浓度略偏高外,其他均在正常范围之内。     

哈密地区水中~(238)u和~(226)Ra水平及其所致居民剂量评价

本文报道了哈密地区居民饮用水中~(238)U和~(226)Ra水平,其几何平均值分别为79.8、1.97m Bq.L~(-1),人口加权平均值分别为80.5、1.84m Bq.L~(-1)。居民连续饮此水50年,水中~(238)U、~(234)U和~(226)Ra所致居民有效约定剂量当量分别为202、430、24μsv,分别为我国天然辐射源所致居民外照射年有效剂量(952μsv)的21.2％、45.2％、2.5％,由此可见,不会对居民健康产生有意义的影响。     

水、食品和人体中的~(234)U和~(238)U及其所致人体剂量

本文对近年文献报导中水、食品和人体中的~(234)U和~(238)U含量,比活度比值的调查结果,并估算出了人体所受的内照射剂量,作了评述,引用文献19篇,表格14张.     

新疆土壤的天然放射性核素水平

本文报道了按网格布点,在新疆广大领域采得在海拨-154～5000米地表0～20cm深的土壤样品731个,用S-85多道γ谱仪测定了土壤中天然放射性核素含量水平。结果表明,全疆土壤中铀-238、钍-232、镭-226和钾-40的含量均值分别为33.88、38.47、31.64和612.60(Bq·Kg~(-1)),面积加权均值分别为33.77、38.96、31.41和597.63(Bq·Kg~(-1)),广大领域土壤中天然放射性核素含量属正常本底水平,也存在局部区域明显较高的问题,新疆土壤中钍-232及子体、镭-226及子体和钾-40所致距地面1米高处的空气吸收剂量率分别为2.32、1.23和2.41(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)),其贡献分别占39％、21％和40％,合计为5.96×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1),与外照射测量的按网络、人口加权和面积加权均值5.81、5.76和5.94(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)),仅分别相差2.5％、3.4％和0.3％。新疆土壤中铀镭的放射性总量是平衡的,但铀镭放射性的不平衡是广泛存在的。     

高纯锗（HPGe）γ谱仪对环境样品的探测效率刻度

用混合单能γ核素体γ标准源和＾１５２Ｅｕ体标准源对ＨＰＧｅγ尖仪作效率刻度，取得两条效率的刻度曲线，用这两条效率曲线对国家环保局１９９５年组织的比对样 和活度测量，取得了很好的结果。     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂质量对测砷的影响

用简单合成了二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂，并比较了自制和市售的二乙氨基二硫人 银对测砷的影响。结果表明，采用自制的二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银能大大降低试剂空白，提高方法的灵敏度和降低检出限，试剂质量明显优于市售产品。     

氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂光度法测定水质氨氮的测量不确定度评定,应该考虑工作曲线、测量重复性、标准溶液、仪器读数分辨率等对测量的影响.     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

污染物总量控制中载体水流量的测定

示踪剂法测定河水流量是较为准确的办法 ,利用河流动力模型计算出示踪剂投放点 ,利用示踪剂投放量与测定浓度之间的关系可方便地获得河水流量结果