铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态环境的影响预测评价

由于鸟类的听觉频率范围与人类不同，以往基于A计权声压级的噪声测量方法，用于鸟类声环境的监测评价并不准确。以广东省江门市新会区“小鸟天堂”风景名胜区为例，开展铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态环境的影响研究。首先，通过实地调查，对鸟类生态区的多个监测点进行声环境线性频谱测量；其次，根据新茂铁路新会段的规划布局，采用模式预测法计算铁路运行期间在监测点产生的交通噪声频谱，并与铁路运行前实地测量的现状频谱叠加；在此基础上，进一步探讨铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态区声环境的影响以及预防措施。研究结果表明，列车运行时在鸟类良好听觉频率范围的噪声增量可达10~30dB，将严重影响鸟类声环境；当采取全封闭声屏障防护措施之后，可有效降低“小鸟天堂”景区范围的噪声。     

梅梁湖水体浮游植物与环境因子的关系

根据2008年的4月—11月梅梁湖水域应急监测数据,探讨了梅梁湖水体浮游植物与环境因子的关系。相关性分析结果表明,蓝绿藻含量与TP、pH值和DO呈极显著正相关;与TN、SD和EC呈极显著负相关;与NH3-N呈显著负相关。多元逐步回归分析结果表明,梅梁湖浮游植物生长受多个环境因子的共同影响,但主要为TP、TN、水温和风速。     

黄浦江水环境生物监测指标研究

对黄浦江进行了全面的生物监测及评价.通过相关性分析表明,底栖生物的Shnnon-Weaver指数和Coodnight指数与水质综合评价指数呈显著负相关;细菌总数和总大肠菌群数与水质综合评价指数呈显著正相关,R2值均＞0.9,能较敏感地反映水质变化的生态效应,构成了黄浦江水环境生物监测核心指标.     

呼和浩特市空气颗粒物影响因素研究

选择呼和浩特市城东腾飞路中段为研究地,在内蒙古环境监测中心站实验大楼楼顶设置空气质量自动监测点,于2009年11月至2012年12月连续3年对该区域空气质量进行研究性监测。采用数理统计方法,对实测数据进行分析和研究,利用AQI评价的结果显示,颗粒物已经成为影响当地空气质量的主要污染物;PM2.5/PM10年平均值为0.47,随季节变化明显,春夏季比值偏小(春季为0.361,夏季为0.398),秋冬季比值偏大(秋季为0.499,冬季为0.635);受风速和湿度影响明显,比值与风速在0.01水平上呈现显著负相关,与湿度呈现显著正相关;利用3年污染物数据建立回归方程,经检验所建立的方程有效,说明其他污染物对PM2.5浓度变化有较显著影响。     

深圳市饮用水源中CODMn与TOC的相关性研究

通过对深圳市饮用水源中CODMn和TOC测定结果的相关性分析,结果表明,水库内监测点位及监测区域CODMn与TOC相关性良好,水库外监测点位及监测区域CODMn与TOC相关性不显著,而整个监测区域的CODMn与总有机碳相关性令人满意。因此,提出了TOC值可直接作为饮用水源在线监测有机污染物的综合评价指标,同时也实现了湿式氧化法测定TOC在地表水监测中的应用。     

有机硫自动分析仪在石化园区环境空气监测中的应用

有机硫化物是环境空气典型恶臭物质,因环境浓度低和化学稳定性差,其定性定量分析是公认的难题。研究筛选5台市场主流有机硫自动分析仪,在石化园区开展实测以考察仪器在复杂环境下的适用性。结果表明:各仪器能对环境空气中有机硫物质持续有效监测,多数仪器所测甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚和二硫化碳浓度的时间变化趋势较一致,其中D和E仪器的4种有机硫监测数据均呈显著相关,其相关系数分别为0.67、0.80、0.67和0.70(P0.01)。不同仪器测得有机硫数据呈正偏态分布,但浓度分布区间差异较大,表明部分仪器对污染物的富集、脱附和检测等环节仍需改进。D和E仪器监测的有机硫浓度明显升高时,监测点位附近的GC-FID/PID测得总挥发性有机物浓度较其他时段升高,且周边区域异味投诉量增加,说明这2台仪器监测数据能较好地反映该园区有机硫化物的污染特征。研究可为石化园区有机硫自动监测仪的设备选型提供依据。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的中国城市环境空气质量主要影响因素

当前,中国城市环境空气污染形势十分严峻,空气质量呈现出典型的区域性特征。研究对2006—2012年各地区环境空气质量数据和经济社会发展指标统计资料面板数据进行分析,结果表明:研究选取时段内多数空气质量指标与人均国内生产总值之间的关系并不符合典型的环境库兹涅茨曲线(倒U型曲线),无显著相关性,但NO2质量浓度与人均国内生产总值之间呈现出倒N型曲线,空气质量综合指数与人口密度之间也呈现出倒N型曲线。空气质量综合指数与国民经济中第二产业占比和第三产业占比之间没有显著的相关关系,但与第一产业占比呈显著的负相关关系。空气质量综合指数与主要污染物单位面积排放量呈显著的正相关关系,与单位面积能源消费总量、单位面积煤炭消费量均呈显著的正相关关系,表明以煤炭为主要能源类型的能源消费带来的污染物排放是影响空气质量的主要因素。空气质量综合指数与降水量呈显著的负相关关系,降水量等气象条件对空气质量有一定影响,在开展大气污染防治时,应综合考虑各地的自然因素特征,合理确定工作目标和防治对策。     

自动监测系统与手工分析法测定大气中SO_2、NO_x浓度的可比性研究

大气环境自动监测系统中荧光二氧化硫分析器,化学发光式氮氧化物分析器分别与间断、连续采样盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法、盐酸萘乙二胺比色法同步测定大气中二二氧化硫、氮氧化物浓度。通过三个月对比测定所获得的二套数据无显著性差异,呈极显著性正相关,具有     

城市公园降温指标与地表热场耦合关系

城市热岛效应是生态环境问题之一，城市公园自身的冷环境能够对热岛效应产生一定的降温作用。基于Landsat 8遥感数据，利用辐射传输方程算法反演天津市的地表温度。以天津市9个公园为例，通过在公园周围建立多环缓冲区，研究公园的降温效应。为了考察空间连续性对公园降温效应的影响，选取公园的冷却强度和冷却梯度2个指标，结合冷却区域和冷却效率，分析城市公园的降温效果。研究结果表明：9个公园的降温距离差异明显，降温距离最大的是水西公园，最小的是人民公园；公园的周长、面积、绿量面积与公园的冷却区域呈显著正相关；形状指数与公园的冷却效率呈显著负相关；绿量面积和水体面积比与冷却强度、冷却梯度呈正相关。     

Relationships of Human Disturbance, Bird Communities, and Plant Communities Along the Land-Water Interface of a Large Reservoir

We examined the relationships of humanactivity, bird communities, and plant communities along theland-water interface of Lake Texoma, a large human-madereservoir on the Texas-Oklahoma border. Measurements ofhuman activity, plant surveys, and bird surveys wereperformed at 40 paired transects, one with humandisturbance, the other undisturbed. Both principalcomponents and correspondence analyses of bird-survey dataseparated disturbed sites from paired undisturbed sites, andtypical disturbance-tolerant species from those lesstolerant of human activity. Compared to undisturbed sites,disturbed sites tended to have more individual birds persurvey, pavement, and mowed lawns, and less canopy,vegetation volume, and vegetation vertical diversity. Aprincipal components analysis of quantitative disturbancemeasurements revealed that most bird and plant measures werehighly correlated with the first disturbance component. However, the correlation between birds and human activitywas much stronger than that between birds and plants, orbetween plants and disturbance. Our data suggest that bird-species composition is regulated more by human activity thanby plant-community composition. Also, in this system, birdcommunities are a better choice than plant communities toindex the effect of human disturbance. To maintain regionaldiversity of both birds and plants, undisturbed areas shouldbe maintained around reservoirs.     

典型湖泊水华特征及相关影响因素分析

通过2011-2015年对太湖、巢湖和滇池水华高发季节的连续监测，以藻类密度和水华面积为判据评价了3个湖体的水华情况及变化趋势，探讨了水华发生的主要影响因素。结果表明：太湖水华程度以"轻度水华"为主，巢湖水华程度以"轻微水华"为主，滇池水华程度以"中度水华"为主；太湖、巢湖和滇池水华规模均以"零星性水华"为主；太湖和巢湖藻类密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关，与透明度呈显著负相关，与氨氮无显著相关性；滇池藻类密度与水温、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关，与透明度和氨氮呈显著负相关，与pH、溶解氧和总氮无显著相关性。     

Modelling Wetland Bird Response to Water Level Changes in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River Hydrosystem

Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River (LOSL) wetland bird abundance and diversity are greatly influenced by lake and river hydrology. Our study used an interdisciplinary ecosystem approach, blending avian and plant ecology, ecohydraulic, statistical ecology and modelling to evaluate potential impacts of water level fluctuations on indicator species representative of the wetland breeding bird assemblages in the entire LOSL freshwater system. Multi-year (2000–2003) bird surveys captured bird distribution and density in wetland habitats under varying degrees of water inandation, depth and fluctuation. Analyses revealed strong associations between estimated breeding pair densities and plant communities, water depth, and degree of water level fluctuation during the breeding season for a suite of wetland bird species using marsh, wet meadow, shrub swamp and treed swamp habitats. These quantitative associations were used to develop wetland bird performance indicators for use in a LOSL water regulation review study. Several bird species also nest at or near the water surface and are thus vulnerable to nest flooding or stranding. Changes to the seasonal hydrology of Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River that result in an increased frequency or magnitude of these nest failure events may have a significant impact on regional population sustainability. Long term nest record databases were analyzed to create nesting flooding and stranding probability equations based on water level increases and decreases during the breeding season. These species-specific nesting relationships were incorporated into a reproduction index.Many breeding bird species were strongly associated with specific wetland plant communities. Predicted habitat suitability, as measured by estimated breeding pair density, can also change significantly within a specific wetland plant community based solely on changes in water depth during the breeding season. Three indicator species, Black Tern, Least Bittern and Virginia Rail were selected as key environmental performance indicators for alternate regulation plan comparisons.Water regulation criteria should be such that the long term diversity and abundance of wetland plant communities and frequency of spring flooding in marsh habitats during breeding are not reduced. Magnitude and frequency of water level change during the nesting season (May–July) can also adversely impact reproductive success of many wetland bird species. As such, regulation criteria that increase the seasonal magnitude and frequency of water level change may be detrimental to the long term viability of certain regional breeding bird populations.     

Comparison of averaging techniques for the calculation of the 'European average exposure indicator' for particulate matter

A comparison of various averaging techniques to calculate the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) specified in European Directive 2008/50/EC for particulate matter in ambient air has been performed. This was done for data from seventeen sites around the UK for which PM(10) mass concentration data is available for the years 1998-2000 and 2008-2010 inclusive. The results have shown that use of the geometric mean produces significantly lower AEI values within the required three year averaging periods and slightly lower changes in the AEI value between the three year averaging periods than the use of the arithmetic mean. The use of weighted means in the calculation, using the data capture at each site as the weighting parameter, has also been tested and this is proposed as a useful way of taking account of the confidence of each data set.     

西宁冬季PM2.5和PM10手工与自动监测现状研究

为研究PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)手工与自动监测仪器在高海拔地区的适用性,于2014年12月至2015年1月(冬季)在青海省西宁市开展了为期34 d的监测比对实验。PM监测数据表明:手工监测数据之间都有差异,除了受监测滤膜种类的影响,还存在监测仪器间的系统误差。石英滤膜的PM监测数据都高于聚丙烯滤膜,尤其是PM_(2.5)更为明显,偏高近1/4;石英滤膜与聚丙烯滤膜的PM监测数据具有较好的相关性,PM_(10)监测数据的相关系数为0.97。自动监测数据之间进行了同期比对研究,发现TEOM1405DF(微振荡天平法)和APM-2(β射线法)的PM监测值较低,BAM-1020(β射线法)的PM监测值最高;而Grimm(光散射法)的PM监测值居中。BAM1020配备动态加热系统(DHS),其PM监测数据比没有配备DHS的APM-2偏高40%。基于PM监测比对研究,建议在空气污染严重时加密对各监测仪器的运行维护,并加强长期观测以全面评估PM监测。     

Montane Meadows as Indicators of Environmental Change

We used a time series of satellite multispectral imagery for mapping and monitoring six classes of montane meadows arrayed along a moisture gradient (from hydric to mesic to xeric). We hypothesized that mesic meadows would support the highest species diversity of plants, birds, and butterflies because they are more moderate environments. We also hypothesized that mesic meadows would exhibit the greatest seasonal and interannual variability in spectral response across years. Field sampling in each of the meadow types was conducted for plants, birds, and butterflies in 1997 and 1998. Mesic meadows supported the highest plant species diversity, but there was no significant difference in bird or butterfly species diversity among meadow types. These data show that it may be easier to detect significant differences in more species rich taxa (e.g., plants) than taxa that are represented by fewer species (e.g., butterflies and birds). Mesic meadows also showed the greatest seasonal and interannual variability in spectral response. Given the rich biodiversity of mesic montane meadows and their sensitivity to variations in temperature and moisture, they may be important to monitor in the context of environmental change     

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测与风速风向的关系研究

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测的启动问题基本解决，但监测响应日期和周期却一直难以确定。统计分析了太湖2007-2009年蓝藻预警监测、现场观测的历史资料，研究蓝藻水华在水体中的分布与风速风向之间的关联规律，从环境监测部门蓝藻预警监测工作的实际出发，划分出了蓝藻水华预警监测的响应级别，提出具体的监测要求，较好解决了预警监测的响应周期问题。为环太湖地区相关部门更好地开展蓝藻预警监测工作提供了科学依据。     

淀山湖水质状况及富营养化评价

对2001年—2007年淀山湖水质监测结果进行了分析和评价。结果表明,淀山湖的水质均未达到Ⅱ类水质标准,主要超标项目为氨氮、TP、TN、石油类、IMn、COD和BOD5。综合营养状态指数为60.79～63.57,均处于中度富营养状态,chla与石油类和透明度具有很好的相关性,与TP具有较好的负相关性,与BOD5具有一定的负相关性,与水温、DO、IMn、COD、氨氮、TN的相关性不显著。chla季节变化较为明显。     

Changing lichen diversity in and around urban settlements of Garhwal Himalayas due to increasing anthropogenic activities

Decrease in lichen diversity is an important biometric tool to assess the prevailing environmental condition in an area. An attempt has been made to explore the utility of lichen diversity in the monitoring of air pollution in the city of Pauri and Srinagar, Garhwal Himalayas, Uttaranchal. Eighty five lichen species were recorded from Pauri and Srinagar (Garhwal) in June 2005. It was observed that polluted sites had very low lichen diversity, mostly dominated by members of lichen family Physciaceae. Kiyonkaleshwar area is the site with maximum lichen diversity (46 lichen taxa) located in a more or less pollution-free area of Pauri city. Two-dimensional principal components analysis plot revealed significant positive contribution of natural (unaltered) sites towards lichen biodiversity, thus affirming the utility of lichen diversity in biomonitoring studies in a wide geographical area.