用程序型计算器进行排污废水流量计算

用程序型计算器进行排污废水流量计算ＣａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＤｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｏｆＷａｓｔｅＷａｔｅｒｂｙＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍａｂｌｅＣａｌｃｕｌａｔｏｒ黄勇（武汉市江汉区环境监测站武汉４３００２２）为了对工业废水污染实行总量控制,在监测污染物浓度时,必...     

机动车尾气及其扬尘对克拉玛依市环境空气影响特征分析

通过对克拉玛依市机动车尾气及扬尘的实验结果分析，得知城市环境中污染因子ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ、ＴＳＰ等与汽车尾气和扬尘紧密相关，其车流量全天峰期在１１：００－１２：００，ＣＯ、ＮＯｘ峰值达６．００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３和０．１０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３ＴＳＰ浓度达峰值后变化很小。污染物扩散速度与交通干线两侧环境，即垂直距离呈负相关关系。     

千岛湖镇垃圾填埋场渗滤液对千岛湖环境影响分析

通过对垃圾场渗滤液和附近水域监测，分析了垃圾场的污染状况和对千岛湖造成的危害。     

箱式模型在杭州市区预测SO_2地面浓度的应用

预测大气环境中污染物浓度的方法较多 ,箱式模型适用于排出源分布较为均匀或系统内部扩散信息难以得到的场合 ,从广度上讲是一种广域的污染状态模型。为解决箱内污染物浓度分布问题 ,将箱式模型进行改进 ,即假设混合层中污染物为均匀分布。另外由于模型本身较粗 ,而且假设较多 ,因此还必须作适当的修正。现采用修正后的箱式模型来预测杭州市区二氧化硫环境浓度。1　修正后的箱式模型　　Ｃｘ =ＰｘＬ·Ｈ·Ｖ Ｋ (1 )　　Ｋ =Ｃ0 - Ｐ0Ｌ·Ｈ·Ｖ (2 )式中 :　Ｃｘ、Ｃ0 ———计算年、基准年污染物浓度 ,ｍｇ/ｍ3;Ｐｘ、Ｐ0 ———计算年…     

废水化学需氧量测定中稀释倍数的确定

废水化学需氧量测定中稀释倍数的确定漆利之（江苏淮阴县环境监测站，淮阴２２３３００）根据实测经验、资料或物料衡算了解ＣＯＤ大致浓度范围，当①ＣＯＤｃｒ值小于８００ｍｇ／Ｌ的水样可直接测定不必稀释。②ＣＯＤｃｒ估算值ｍ＞８００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，计算其最小稀释倍...     

废水总量控制监测中主要污染物的采样技术研究

对总量控制监测中主要污染物ＣＯＤｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ在废水中的分布规律及采样点位布设进行了研究，在此基础上，提出了采用采样点位优化选择的办法以提高废水样品的空间代表性。     

湖南未耕种土壤中~(234、238)U、~(226)Ra、~(210)Po和~(210)Pb的分布和移动规律的研究

本文采集了湖南省十三个地区未耕种的０８０ｃｍ不同类型土壤样品，分别测定了０１０ｃｍ、２０３０ｃｍ、４０５０ｃｍ、７０８０ｃｍ样品中的２３４、２３８Ｕ、２２６Ｒａ、２１０Ｐｂ、２１０Ｐｏ含量，研究了土壤中铀系放射性核素分布影响和移动规律     

常武地区河道CODcr污染负荷及其来源构成

对常武地区运河及主要支流进行了为期７个月的监测，结合污染原调查，计算出常武地区河道ＣＯＤｃｒ污染负荷，并对其来源构成进行了分析。     

庐山旅游区空气微生物污染调查

庐山风景旅游区空气微生物含量的初步调查结果表明，该区空气微生物含量平均值为１３９．８ＣＦＵ／皿（２１９７６．６ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３），已达我国都市城区中度污染程度，个别测点已达严重污染程度。通过分析庐山空气细菌、真菌及总的微生物含量的空间分布及昼夜变化特征，认为空气微生物含量与人类活动有密切关系。     

现行CODcr测定方法的改进

现行ＣＯＤｃｒ测定方法的改进王作敏，朱晶，任成（辽宁营口市环境监测站，１１５０００）为使ＣＯＤｃｒ能合理反映水质有机污染程度，对现行测定方法作如下改进：样品测定前，在室温下加入高锰酸钾一硫酸混合液，使水中无机还原物质先与高锰酸钾反应，而后过量的高锰酸...     

山西省大气降水水质评价

为了解山西省大气降水水质状况、主要污染物及区域分布规律，山西省水文部门于1984年开始对大气降水进行监测。在全省9个地市布设测点，分别为：太原市、大同市、长治市、榆次市、临汾市以及吕梁、忻州、阳泉、运城地区。监测项目为H^2 、电导率、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^2 、Na^2 、NH4^2 、SO4^2-、NO3^-、Cl^-、CO3^-、HCO3^-、F^-。结果表明，除吕梁、忻州地区外。山西省各地市均有酸雨发生，但酸雨发生的频率不高，全省年平均为3．3％；酸雨的酸性程度也不高，对生态可造成明显影响的降水次数不多；山西省酸雨为典型的硫酸型，酸雨中硫酸与硝酸的质量浓度比值远高于全国平均值。     

地面水中氨,硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氯化物,正磷酸盐,总硬度和硅酸盐的同时测定

用AQUA800辨别分析仪同时测定地面水中的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐,是一种简便、迅速、准确、可靠的测定方法,样品无需预处理,精密度试验其变异系数分别为1．24％、2．18％、2．02％、2．67％、2．35％、3．57％、4．78％,加标回收率分别为103．5％、101．0％、95．0％、99．2％、97．6％、101．5％、98．0％,方法检测限分别为氨0．022mg／L,硝酸盐0．015mp／L,亚硝酸盐0．002tug／L,氯化物0．47mg／L,正磷酸盐0．015mg／L,总硬度17．6mg／L,硅酸盐0．55mg/L,能满足地面水中辨别分析仪同时测定氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐点化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐分析测定的要求。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Abstact Samples of surface soil were collected at 73 sites in the Thrace region, northwest part of Turkey. Two complementary analytical techniques, epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with flame and graphite furnace atomization were used to determine 35 elements in the soil samples. Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using AAS and GF AAS, and ENAA was used for the remaining 27 elements. Results for As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu Eu, Fe, Hf, I, In, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V and Zn are reported for the first time for soils from this region. The results show that concentrations of most elements were little affected by the industrial and other anthropogenic activities performed in region. Except for distinctly higher levels of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in Istanbul district than the median values for the Thrace region, the observed distributions seem to be mainly associated with lithogenic variations. Spatial distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were plotted in relation to the concentration values in soil using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology     

Assessing perceptions about ecosystem health and restoration options in three east coast estuaries

Increasingly public and governmental agencies are concerned aboutrevitalizing coastal environments. Understanding how the publicuses these areas, and what they see as the most important improvements to these regions is critical to their assessment andmanagement. Uses of three estuaries, and perceptions of possiblemanagement and restoration options, were examined for people whowere interviewed in the New York/New Jersey Harbor, Manasquan Inlet, and Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Nearly 90% of the people interviewed listed pollution as New Jersey's most important environmental problem. Most people (68%) used the habitat for outdoor sports, but rated communing with nature, walking, and the provision of open `green' space as the most valued uses. Pollution prevention was the most often mentioned habitat improvement desired, and people rated removing pollution, cleaning up garbage, and creating more fish breeding habitat the highest. There were significant locational differences inhow people used the estuaries, and in how they thought they should be improved. People from Barnegat Bay ranked most uses higher than did people from elsewhere, while the people from Manasquan Inlet rated the importance of most remediation and restoration actions higher. Many of the improvements fall withinenvironmental management, including (rank order from high to low)creating more fish breeding habitat, improving native vegetation,improving habitat for birds, increasing plant diversity,improving habitat for butterflies, and enlarging adjacentmarshes. The data provide clear support for the importance ofthese coastal habitats for communing with nature and having open`green space' spaces, and for providing recreationalopportunities. To enhance their value, people want to removepollution and improve both the habitat quality and the educational and recreational facilities.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

A Gradient Study of 34 Elements in the Vicinity of a Copper-Nickel Smelter in the Kola Peninsula

Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the Pechenganickel smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Trace element contamination in industrial regions of Poland studied by moss monitoring

The use of terrestrial mosses as biomonitors in large-scalemulti-element studies of heavy metal deposition from theatmosphere is a well established technique in Europe. Insuch studies it is advantageous to determine as many elements as possible in order to distinguish betweendifferent source categories. A combination of INAA and AAShas been found very useful in this respect, in particularwhen epithermal activation is used for instrumental neutronactivation analysis. A total of 33 elements (Al, Cl, Sc, V,Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb,I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Tb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, and U) inPleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. moss samples fromthe Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region and Legnica-GogówCopper Basin and from the control (background) area inNortheast Poland were identified. The highest concentrationsof the majority of trace elements were found in mossesgrowing in the Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region, only Cu andAs concentrations were higher in mosses in the Legnica-Gogów Copper Basin. These results are in conformity withthe load of trace elements emissions in these areas.