离子色谱法测定空气中乙酸和溴化氢

用同一吸收液采集、离子色谱法测定空气中的乙酸和溴化氢,采样体积为60 L时,乙酸和溴化氢的检出限分别为0.03 mg/m3和0.11 mg/m3,相对标准偏差分别为1.9%和1.7%,实际样品的加标回收率分别为90.1%～102%和97.6%～100%.     

碘量法快速测定烟气SO2

YQ- 2型烟气采样机 ;1 2 5ml玻璃筛板吸收瓶。在吸收瓶中装适量吸收液 ,定量加碘标准使用液 ( 0 .0 0 5mol/L) ,使总体积为 50 ml,加 0 .5%淀粉溶液 1 ml,以 0 .5L/min采样。采样至吸收液由兰色变无色时关机并记录采样时间及流量计前温度、压力。按下式计算 SO2 浓度 :SO2 ( mg/Nm3 ) =( C× V1× 6 4× 1 0 0 0 ) /V0　　式中 C为 I2 标液浓度 ( mol/L) ;V1为 I2 标液用量 ( ml) ;V0 为标态下烟气采样体积 ( L) ;6 4为SO2 摩尔质量 ( g)。本法与标准方法相对偏差0 .3%～ 3.2 % ,两法结果无显著性差异。碘量法快速测定烟气SO_2@张…     

液相色谱法测定环境空气中酞酸酯类

制作了半挥发性有机物中流量采样装置,使用超细玻璃纤维滤膜采样,反相液相色谱法测定环境空气中酞酸酯类,并对样品净化方式、目标化合物在气相和颗粒物上的分布规律及采样器的捕集效率进行了试验.方法在0.50 mg/L～50.0 mg/L之间线性关系良好,当浓缩体积为1.0 mL、采样体积为144 m3时,目标化合物的检出限为0.4×10-3 μg/m3～6.0×10-3 μg/m3;当采样体积为6 m3时,检出限为0.008 μg/m3～0.145 μg/m3.     

顶空进样-气相色谱法测定大气中吡啶的研究

采用硫酸溶液为吸收液,顶空进样气相色谱法测定大气中的吡啶,毛细管柱分离,FID检测器分析。吡啶标准溶液在0～98.3 mg/L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为30 L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.006 mg/m³,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤3.1%,加标回收率为95.3%～99.6%。     

甲基橙分光光度法测定环境中氯气的分析方法研究

绘制甲基橙分光光度法测氯气的标准曲线,研究在同一采样速率下不同浓度气体的采集效率和回收情况,探讨不同反应温度与放置时间对褪色反应的影响,为更好地掌握现场采样条件提供理论依据。应用甲基橙分光光度比色法测定不同浓度氯气,在不同温度下进行实验,并将吸收放置不同时间。本法的检出限为0.2μg/ml;若采样体积为2 L时,可测量浓度范围为0.5-30 mg/m3的氯气。回收率在60%~102%之间。对于环境空气中浓度超出其范围的氯气测定,高浓度需要稀释或减小采样速率,低浓度则需要加大采样速率或延长采样时间,温度对褪色反应影响明显,在温度较低的情况下进行褪色反应可使测得值偏低,反应温度控制在30℃为宜。放置时间长短对褪色反应不大,可隔天测试。但考虑空气中可能含有的臭氧等氧化物质,吸收液最好封口保存。     

大气中芳香胺及吡啶类化合物的离子色谱法测定

采用GDX-501富集大气中芳香胺及吡啶类化合物,经沸水解吸后解吸液直接注入离子色谱仪,用紫外/可见光检测器进行测定。方法灵敏、简便,可同时测定吡啶、2-甲基吡啶、3-甲基吡啶、苯胺、邻-甲苯胺、间-甲苯胺等。当采样体积为30L时,方法的最低检出浓度范围为0.05～0.10mg/m3(吡啶～间甲苯胺),测定的回收率为84.7%～95.9%,相对标准偏差为4.0%～6.6%。     

离子色谱法测定空气中氟化氢氯化氢和硫酸

以多孔玻板吸收管采样,采用离子色谱法同时测定作业场所空气中的氟化氢、氯化氢和硫酸,采样效率>92%。氟化氢在0 mg/L～2.00 mg/L、氯化氢在0 mg/L～2.50 mg/L、硫酸在0 mg/L～4.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限分别为0.003 mg/m3、0.02 mg/m3、0.023 mg/m3(按采样体积60 L计),标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤8.0%,两个质量浓度水平加标的平均回收率为92.6%～106%。     

大气SO2,NOx监测的一些体会

我国环境监测已于1988年1月1日起正式执行《环境监测技术规范》(以下简称《规范》),要求Ⅰ级测点的大气SO_2、NO_x监测按照《规范》进行,即连续采样实验室分析和自动监测系统两种方法.但一般的市(地区)级站、县级站在开展区域性的大气现状调查和评价工作中,野外布点受诸多客观因素的限制,因此,要按《规范》进行困难比较大,仍为每天分几个时刻短时间采集一定体积的监测方法.     

盐酸付玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定大气中甲醛

本文选用亚硫酸氢钠等混合液作吸收液采集大气中的甲醛,再用盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定甲醛含量.确定了测定最佳条件,使方法具有灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强、采集样品稳定等特点.方法检出限0.32μg/5ml,可测定甲醛浓度范围0.01～0.30mg/m~3.适用于大气外环境和居室内微环境空气中甲醛含量的测量.     

采样条件对固定排放源废气中氯化氢测定的影响

研究了采样条件对固定排放源废气中氯化氢测定的影响。结果发现,采样条件对测定的准确度影响极大,过低的吸收液浓度会导致测定结果严重偏低,进入吸收装置的气体温度过低时也会导致测定结果偏低。目前常用的采样条件(包括有些标准中规定的采样条件)都不合适。推荐合适的Na OH吸收液浓度为2.0 mol/L,合适的进入吸收装置的气体温度为110℃以上。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.