基于卫星遥感的京津冀热环境效应分析

为探究北京城区和京津冀城市群等不同尺度上地表热环境时空格局变化以及与大气污染和污染排放的关系,利用Landsat-58、Terra MODIS和Aura卫星上OMI等多期数据,采用普适性单窗算法反演了不同区域的地表温度强度,并结合京津冀重点行业NOX排放量和区域NO2柱浓度空间分布数据,分析了2001—2016年北京及京津冀地区大气污染、能源消耗和城市热力格局之间的关系。结果表明:北京市热岛分布具有显著的地域性,高地表温度与相对较低地表温度集聚与相间分布并存,建成区城市热岛效应明显; 2001—2016年随着城市的快速发展,城区快速向外蔓延,北京城市的热场强度逐年加强,范围逐年向东、向南扩大;热岛高强度范围与NO2高污染区、NOX高排放区有较好的一致性,热岛强度的分布特征有助于大气污染物"热量"网络的规划,卫星热红外遥感可提供必要的技术支撑。     

武汉市热岛强度分区与规划应对策略

城市热岛强度分区是城市通风环境改善的前期准备工作。通过空间信息技术方法,提取不同土地类型,并结合建成区热岛强度指数划分武汉市热岛及冷空气生成区。结果表明:用地类型与地表温度存在明显的相关性,大部分水域处于低温区及次低温区,高温区不存在林草地和耕地,城市建设用地主要分布在高温区内;热岛区域大部分分布在武汉市主城区范围内,冷空气生成区位于城市热岛的周边,主城区范围内的大型湖泊、河流和公园绿地对热岛进行分隔。由此提出,对武汉市各个气候功能片区采取分类规划改善策略。     

福州城市热岛精细化时空结构特征研究

利用福州地区139个自动站2012—2020年逐时气温资料，对福州城市热岛时空结构进行研究并探讨其成因。结果表明，加密自动站清晰地展现了福州城市热岛的精细结构表现为“多中心”特征，即除了福州市中心城区的热岛主中心外，在闽清县城区和福清市城区还有两个副热岛中心，热岛强度在0.8 ℃～1.6 ℃之间。此外，除永泰及闽侯等山区呈负热岛外，大部地区呈正热岛。在城市热岛演变趋势上，福州郊区及山区大部呈减少趋势，呈增长趋势的区域仅分布在闽清、罗源沿海、永泰东部、中心城区、闽侯南部、福清北部、长乐南部、连江西部等地区，速率为每10 a 0 ℃~0.25 ℃。     

基于RS和GIS技术的贵州省植被生态环境监测分析

为阐明贵州省植被生态环境变化的整体状况，基于RS和GIS技术，应用美国国家航空航天局最新的全球植被指数变化研究数据（GIMMS），通过计算月归一化植被指数（NDVI）变化率，并对研究区一元线性回归模拟，分析了贵州省1982年-2003年的地表植被覆盖。结果表明：22年来，研究区植被覆盖呈增加趋势，表明贵州省植被生态环境向好的方向发展；贵州省平均植被覆盖在春季和秋季呈上升趋势，夏季和冬季呈下降趋势，其中春季对植被覆盖总变化量的贡献最大；植被覆盖程度增减因区域不同而异，变化程度呈增加的区域主要位于贵,ki-I省的中部地区；变化程度呈减小的区域分布在贵州省的四周边缘。     

基于RS与GIS的福州新区热环境空间分布特征研究

采用2014—2021年福州新区的地表温度、归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）和土地利用类型等数据，从乡镇单元尺度分析热环境的空间分布情况，并探究植被和土地利用对热环境空间分布的影响。结果表明：2014—2021年福州新区地表温度在空间上有明显的空间自相关性，空间集聚特征显著，新区热岛比例指数（URI）呈现出下降趋势，表明在此期间热岛效应状况总体有所缓解；植被覆盖率（FVC）影响热环境的空间分布，可将福州新区的“热点”划分为FVC、NDVI均较低的乡镇和FVC较高、NDVI较低的乡镇两类；土地利用类型、土地利用程度及周边环境亦影响热环境的空间分布。     

东北地区城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

2008年4月至2009年1月期间,在东北三省(辽宁、吉林、黑龙江)设立30个观测点位,研究了东北城市大气颗粒物中PAHs的浓度水平、分布及来源.结果表明,不同季节14种PAHs总浓度的变化范围是16.3 ～712.1 ng/m3,呈冬季高、夏季低的季节变化特征；PAHs组成以4～5环化合物为主,3～4环化合物受温度的影响较大,表现出较强的季节波动；8个城市中抚顺和吉林PAHs污染最重,城市不同功能区中以工业区污染较重；燃煤和机动车尾气是区域PAHs的主要来源.     

沈阳臭氧污染时空分布特征及变化趋势

以沈阳2013—2015年臭氧(O_3)监测数据为基础,从地域差异及时间变化上分析了沈阳O_3浓度变化特征。结果表明:沈阳城市外围O_3浓度高于城市中心;O_3浓度变化具有明显季节特征,夏季O_3浓度最高,冬季最低;O_3浓度日变化呈单峰分布,谷值出现在06:00,峰值出现在14:00;O_3浓度出现明显"周末效应",周末白天O_3浓度高于工作日O_3浓度,夜间差异不大。     

1982—2022年黄土高原归一化植被指数变化的时空特征

长时间地表植被指数变化序列构建与分析是生态环境监测领域的重要内容。以我国生态工程建设重点地区——黄土高原为研究区，采用时间序列的方差匹配方法，融合了2套卫星遥感的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据产品(GIMMS 3g和MODIS),建立了覆盖1982—2022年的黄土高原暖季(5—9月)NDVI数据集，揭示了其间黄土高原植被覆盖变化的时空特征。研究发现：黄土高原暖季NDVI呈现“先慢后快”的增加趋势，转折点大致出现在2002年，1982—2002年暖季NDVI增速仅为0.01/(10 a),2003—2022年增速高达0.06/(10 a),其中十八大以来增速尤为显著；暖季NDVI快速增加区域主要位于黄土高原中部，并向东北、西南方向延展，与“退耕还林(草)”重点区域范围基本一致；在黄土高原南部、东部和青海省东部一带，暖季NDVI呈缓慢下降趋势。过去40年间黄土高原NDVI增加与生态工程建设关系密切。     

2013—2019年京津冀及周边地区PM2.5重污染特征

为探讨2013—2019年京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市PM_(2.5)重污染时空演变特征,对"2+26"城市7年间的大气环境监测网数据进行了统计分析。在年际变化上,重污染过程次数逐年下降,发生时长和强度分3个阶段大幅降低。相比2013年,2014—2016年重污染小时数、天数和峰值浓度均降低了一半左右,2017—2019年则下降了约80%。目前,区域重污染过程以持续1～2 d的较短过程为主。在季节分布上,全年重污染集中于秋冬季,其中冬季占比从60%升至80%,尤其是1月的重污染占比最高且有逐年增加趋势。在空间分布上,区域差异明显缩小,呈相对均匀化趋势,区域污染中心有所南移,南部的冀南豫北区域在区域重污染中的占比呈上升趋势。在污染成因基本类型上,污染排放导致的积累型为主要类型,占比约90%;沙尘型及烟花爆竹燃放型的总占比约为10%,虽然其占比较低,但近年的比重较稳定,未有明显下降趋势。     

基于Landsat 8遥感数据的天津市地表温度反演

以Landsat 8遥感数据为数据源,进行天津市地表温度反演研究。首先采用单通道算法反演地表温度,并利用均值标准差法进行温度分级。然后建立不同温度等级面积比例的估算模型。再通过随机样点,从不同温度等级和土地覆盖类型2个角度,分别建立并比较不同类样点的地表温度与各指数的拟合模型。结果表明:次高温区域面积比例与人口密度、人均GDP都具有较高的决定系数;地表温度与NDVI、BAEM的二元线性回归决定系数高于地表温度与单一指数的决定系数;将样点分类后,低温点与MNDBI的决定系数高于其他温度等级样点,水域和植被样点与各种指数的决定系数高于其他地物类型样点。     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China

Based on meteorological data from 1978 to 2007, we investigated the annual, seasonal, and fixed hourly variations of Shanghai urban heat island (UHI) in urban and suburban areas and spatial distribution of UHI. The results demonstrated a remarkable interannual increase of UHI intensity in Shanghai. The UHI was the strongest in autumn and the weakest in summer, as a consequence of the prevailing weather conditions. Similar to previous studies of other cities, the UHI in Shanghai was stronger in the nighttime than in the daytime. The SW–NE cross section followed the general cross section of the typical UHI described by Oke (1987) who defines its characteristic parts as “cliff”, “plateau”, and “peak”. Analysis of the association of UHI and urbanization indicated that the UHI increased with the expansion of population and rapid increase of gross domestic product. The continuous increase of power consumption and area of paved road and decrease of area of cropland caused the growth of UHI intensity. Green land had a positive effect on mitigation of heat island based on an inversed U-shaped curve with UHI intensity.     

Determining the impact of urban components on land surface temperature of Istanbul by using remote sensing indices

For the past 60 years, Istanbul has been experiencing an accelerated urban expansion. This urban expansion is leading to the replacement of natural surfaces by various artificial materials. This situation has a critical impact on the environment due to the alteration of heat energy balance. In this study, the effect upon the urban heat island (UHI) of Istanbul was analyzed using 2009 dated Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data. An Index Based Built-up Index (IBI) was used to derive artificial surfaces in the study area. To produce the IBI index, Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Built-up Index, and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index were calculated. Land surface temperature (LST) distribution was derived from Landsat 5 TM images using a mono-window algorithm. In addition, 24 transects were selected, and different regression models were applied to explore the correlation between LST and IBI index. The results show that artificial surfaces have a positive exponential relationship with LST rather than a simple linear one. An ecological evaluation index of the region was calculated to explore the impact of both the vegetated land and the artificial surfaces on the UHI. Therefore, the quantitative relationship of urban components (artificial surfaces, vegetation, and water) and LST was examined using multivariate statistical analysis, and the correlation coefficient was obtained as 0.829. This suggested that the areas with a high rate of urbanization will accelerate the rise of LST and UHI in Istanbul.     

The spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanisation and local climate: A case study of Islamabad,Pakistan

Rapid and unplanned urbanisation, together with climate change, are increasingly affecting the local climatic conditions of urban settlements. Spatiotemporal analysis using land use/land cover (LULC), land surface temperature (LST), and local climatic zone (LCZ) assessments have been helpful in understanding the urbanisation characteristics and morphology. Islamabad, the capital and the only planned city of Pakistan, has witnessed a consistent rise in local temperatures, increased built-up areas, and reduced vegetation cover during the past decades. This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC, LST, and LCZ in Islamabad using satellite remote sensing data and spectral indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results indicate a whopping increase in a built-up area in the city (113% during 2013 and 2019). A positive correlation between LST and NDBI, whereas a negative correlation between LST and NDVI clearly indicates how urbanisation (and reduction in vegetation cover) are impacting the local temperatures. Assessment and analysis of LCZs helped to understand the variations and deviations of current LULC from the master plan. It was observed that compact low-rise urban development is the most prevalent. The outcomes of this study are expected to inform the urban planners, climatologists, and policymakers with the knowledge helpful for devising climate-resilient development policies that could reduce thermal stresses in the capital cities.     

Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air of Dalian areas, China: an assessment of soil-air exchange

The seasonal variations of concentrations of PAHs in the soil and the air were measured in urban and rural region of Dalian, China in 2007. In soil, mean concentrations of all PAHs in summer were larger than those in winter, whereas the concentrations of heavier weight PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. Winter/summer concentration ratios for individual PAHs (R(W/S)) increased with the increase of molecular weight of PAHs in soil, indicating that PAHs with high molecular weight were more easily deposited to soil in winter than summer. In air, mean concentrations of all PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. In comparison with the R(W/S) in soil, all the values of R(W/S) in air were larger than one indicating that the entire individual PAH concentrations in winter were larger than those in summer. The average concentration composition for each PAH compound in soil and air samples was determined and the seasonal change of PAH profile was very small. It was suggested that PAHs in soils and air had the same or similar sources both in winter and summer. The approach to the soil-air equilibrium was assessed by calculating fugacity quotients between soil and air using the soil and air concentrations. The calculated soil-air fugacity quotients indicated that soil acted as a secondary source to the atmosphere for all lighter weight PAHs (two-three rings) and it will continue to be a sink for heavier weight PAHs (five-six rings) in the Dalian environment, both in winter and summer. Medium weight PAHs (four-five rings) were close to the soil-air equilibrium and the tendency shifted between soil and air when season or function region changed. The fugacity quotients of PAHs in summer (mean temperature 298 K) were larger than those in winter (mean temperature 273 K), indicating a higher tendency in summer than winter for PAHs to move from soil to air. The variation of ambient conditions such as temperature, rainfall, etc. can influence the movement of PAHs between soil and air. Most of the fugacity quotients of PAHs for the urban sites were larger than that for the rural site both in winter and summer. This phenomenon may be related with that the temperatures in urban sites were higher than those in the rural site because of the urban heat island effect.     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

An energy and mortality impact assessment of the urban heat island in the US

Increased summer energy use and increased summer heat related mortality are the two most cited detrimental impacts of the urban heat island (UHI). An assessment of these impacts was made that considered the annual impact of the UHI, not just the summer impact. It was found that in north of the US there was a net decrease in energy use from the UHI, as heating energy reductions were larger than the increase in cooling energy. In the south there was a net energy increase from the UHI. The impact of the UHI on heat related deaths was an estimated increase of 1.1 deaths per million people. The impact of the UHI on cold related deaths was an estimated decrease of 4.0 deaths per million people. These estimates are caveated by the acknowledgement that compounding factors influence mortality. Hypothermia related death rates were three times higher in rural areas than urban areas. This is surprising as the homeless population is usually considered the most at risk, yet they mostly live in urban areas.     

Quantifying urban heat island intensity in Hong Kong SAR, China

This paper addresses the methodological concerns in quantifying urban heat island (UHI) intensity in Hong Kong SAR, China. Although the urban heat island in Hong Kong has been widely investigated, there is no consensus on the most appropriate fixed point meteorological sites to be used to calculate heat island intensity. This study utilized the Local Climate Zones landscape classification system to classify 17 weather stations from the Hong Kong Observatory’s extensive fixed point meteorological observation network. According to the classification results, the meteorological site located at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters is the representative urban weather station in Hong Kong, whereas sites located at Tsak Yue Wu and Ta Kwu Ling are appropriate rural or nonurbanized counterparts. These choices were validated and supported quantitatively through comparison of long-term annual and diurnal UHI intensities with rural stations used in previous studies. Results indicate that the rural stations used in previous studies are not representative, and thus, the past UHI intensities calculated for Hong Kong may have been underestimated.     

Seasonal variations in the relationship between landscape pattern and land surface temperature in Indianapolis, USA

This paper intended to examine the seasonal variations in the relationship between landscape pattern and land surface temperature based on a case study of Indianapolis, United States. The integration of remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology methods was used in this study. Four Terra's ASTER images were used to derive the landscape patterns and land surface temperatures (LST) in four seasons in the study area. The spatial and ecological characteristics of landscape patterns and LSTs were examined by the use of landscape metrics. The impact of each land use and land cover type on LST was analyzed based on the measurements of landscape metrics. The results show that the landscape and LST patterns in the winter were unique. The rest of three seasons apparently had more agreeable landscape and LST patterns. The spatial configuration of each LST zone conformed to that of each land use and land cover type with more than 50% of overlap in area for all seasons. This paper may provide useful information for urban planers and environmental managers for assessing and monitoring urban thermal environments as result of urbanization.     

城市绿地温室气体通量监测与减排研究

采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对城市绿地生态系统温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)通量的日变化、季节变化特征及其影响因子等进行了较为系统的研究。城市绿地花草CO₂通量有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,白天通量值为负,是CO₂的净吸收汇;夜晚为正值,是CO₂的净释放源;7:00左右由源转为汇,17:00左右由汇转为源,不同花卉24 h总通量有正负2种结果。冬季草坪作为源的时间延长,而作为汇的时间缩短。光强和温度是影响CO₂通量日变化和季节变化的主要因素。城市绿地CH₄通量较小,不足以对温室气体总量产生显著影响。从减少温室气体排放的角度对城市绿地花草的选择提出了建议。