近岸海域国控环境质量监测点位优化研究

近岸海域环境监测是掌握其环境质量状况,摸清污染来源和影响范围的必要手段。监测点位是环境监测的基础,监测点位优化是提高环境监测代表性的必要手段。按照《近岸海域环境监测点位布设技术规范》(HJ 730—2014)的要求,梳理了点位优化工作的基本流程,经过试优化,预计在全国将增设122个国控监测点位。其中,76个在原有监测点位中选择增设,46个按照规范要求新设。利用2013年监测结果进行插值分析,调整前后水质总体变化小,未出现颠覆性结论,同时提高了对陆源影响区域水质的监控能力。     

泸州市降水监测布点优化研究

在泸州市2016—2020年大气降水监测数据的基础上，借助聚类分析、多元方差分析等统计分析手段，对原有降水监测点位进行优化研究，并验证优化结果。在遵循《酸沉降监测技术规范》(HJ/T 165—2004)点位布设要求的前提下，建立了降水监测点位评价体系，从原有7个降水监测点位中优化筛选出3个。优化后的点位对监测结果的影响显著性均>0.05,表明优化前后全市降水数据无显著性差异，该优化方案不会影响区域整体代表性。     

高分辨率遥感影像在土壤环境质量监测点位布设中的应用

在土壤环境质量监测点位布设工作中,利用高分辨率遥感影像等数据和资料,可以增强点位布设结果的规范性和合理性。基于环境保护部和中国环境监测总站下发的土壤环境质量监测点位布设技术方案,分别介绍了基础点位、风险点位和背景点位的总体布设方式和布设要求,以及高分辨率遥感影像在各类点位理论布设中的具体应用方法。     

道路交通噪声自动监测应用探讨

结合城市道路路网状况及实际噪声监测数据和历史实验数据,对道路交通噪声自动监测数据的有效性、监测点位布设进行了研究,对道路交通噪声监测点位优化提出建议。     

土壤环境监测基础点位布设思路与方法

为适应新形势下土壤环境保护工作重点任务和要求,"十三五"期间,中国亟需构建布局合理、功能完备的土壤环境监测网,确定国控监测点位,以说清全国土壤环境质量整体状况、潜在风险状况及变化趋势。通过梳理欧美等发达国家和地区的做法和经验,针对国内土壤环境的实际情况,开展布点尺度和点位优化方法研究,提出了国家尺度上适宜布点尺度,建立了统一的历史点位优化筛选规则,在此基础上,形成了点位的布设思路、原则和方法,并给出了阶段性的布设结果,最后提出了后续进一步完善的方向。     

聚类分析在大气监测优化布点中应用的研究

目前,国内各城市在对大气监测点位进行优化时,一般是根据经验对原有点位进行优化削减,再辅之以简要的统计检验对结果进行验证。显然,这样的定性优化过程难以避免经验化和主观臆断性。本文引入聚类分析方法用于点位的优化布设,对优化过程的定量化进行了探索和研究,并将这种方法用于成都市大气监测点位的优化,取得了令人满意的结果     

基于多源大数据可视化的城市居民区绿地土壤环境监测点位布设及采样研究

为科学合理的监测城市居民区绿地土壤环境状况,对居民区绿地土壤监测点位布设和采样的方法进行研究,包括代表性居民区的选取、监测点采样位置的确定、点位数量的确定等。通过多源大数据可视化手段选取某城市代表性的居民区,对其居民区内绿地土壤重金属(镉、汞、砷、铅、铜、铬、锌和镍)进行监测。结果表明:多源大数据的应用对城市土壤监测布点具有积极作用和优势;不同建筑年代的居民区土壤中重金属含量存在一定差异,为全面监测居民区土壤环境状况应选取不同建筑年代的居民区作为监测对象;不同采样位置对居民区土壤样品中重金属含量无明显影响,优先于居民区内面积占比较大的绿地采样;同一居民区内不同监测点位样品存在差异性,每个居民区内至少布设3~4个监测点位可代表该居民区土壤环境状况。     

城市道路交通噪声自动监测技术探讨

从开展城市道路交通噪声自动监测的必要性出发 ,对城市道路交通噪声自动监测的监测点位布设和自动监测系统的结构进行了探讨。指出了城市道路交通噪声自动监测点位两种设计方法———路段优化点位法和干线路段普测点位法的优缺点。述说了城市道路交通噪声自动监测系统结构框图。     

杭州区域环境噪声监测点位优化探索

在杭州市现有区域环境噪声手工监测点位的基础上,结合地理分布,采用系统聚类法对2012年149个点位的数据样本分类、合并,将149个点位优化到26个,并用T检验法验证数据可靠性。优化前后各城区的点位分布比例相差不大,等效声级绝对误差在1.0 d B(A)内,相对误差不超过±5%。经过2013年和2014年数据验证,确定优化后的点位能体现声环境功能区的代表性。     

区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计介绍

介绍了美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计。首先,指导性文件《基本水质监测方案》中的环境监测计划要求建立1个不少于1 000个点位的国家地表水质环境监测网,并提出了点位设计的标准,包括4点基本要求和针对每一类水域的具体要求。其次,另一指导性文件《准备州综合水质评估(305b报告)和电子升级:报告内容的准则》提出了1种新的对水质的综合性评估技术,要求在传统的判断点位设计的基础上增加概率统计点位设计方法。最后,全国一致的概率统计点位设计是相当有效的获知全国范围的水质情况及变化趋势的方法,EPA完全支持通过这种概率统计点位设计的方法来评估更多的水质状况。概率统计点位设计是EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计的发展趋势。     

大气连续采样在乌鲁木齐应用分析

对乌鲁木齐市大气连续采样方法试运行实验进行总结，比较了以往的定时采样方法后认为，连续采样方法更准确反映本地大气污染物的状况。     

Sampling Scale Effects in Random Fields and Implications for Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.     

KB-6C大气采样器故障维修几例

介绍了几例ＫＢ６Ｃ大气采样器常见故障现象以及排除方法。     

地下水采样方法比对研究

选取3种地下水采样方法开展方法比对研究。通过系统分析监测数据,指出了3种方法所采水样在基本水质参数、无机离子、金属、挥发性有机物以及感官类指标等项目监测上的显著差异,指出了各种方法的适用性并分析原因。结果表明:与贝勒管法、潜水泵法相比,低流速法有效地解决了采样操作过程中易产生的曝气问题;对井内水体扰动较小,降低了水样浊度;减小了井内水位的大幅度泄降,避免了不同层位间污染物的迁移及周边水和井内滞水的交叉污染;节约了场地操作时间和后期污水处理所需花费。因此,低流速法在采取代表性水质样品方面更具方法优势。     

环境空气采样流量标定方法误差分析及校正换算

由于压力和温度的变化,使得校正态下标定的流量与采样态实际流量不符,会给采样体积计算带来偏差。通过转子流量计流量计算公式和理想气体状态方程推导出了采样态体积与校正态体积之间的换算公式,并结合实例进行了计算,分析了采用和不采用公式计算两者之间的误差。     

A technique for cutting brittle undisturbed lateritic soil block samples

This note describes a technique for cutting undisturbed brittleblock samples into smaller specimens for further geotechnical testing. This technique revealed very useful in dealing with collapsible soils, where the sampling is recommended to be donewith block soil samples. A further use of this technique as an efficient way for sampling collapsible soils is proposed.     

Global Grids from Recursive Diamond Subdivisions of the Surface of an Octahedron or Icosahedron

In recent years a number of methods have been developed for subdividing the surface of the earth to meet the needs of applications in dynamic modeling, survey sampling, and information storage and display. One set of methods uses the surfaces of Platonic solids, or regular polyhedra, as approximations to the surface of the earth. Diamond partitions are similar to recursive subdivisions of the triangular faces of either the octahedron or icosahedron. This method views the surface as either four (octahedron) or ten (icosahedron) tessellated diamonds, where each diamond is composed of two adjacent triangular faces of the figure. The method allows for a recursive partition on each diamond, creating nested sub-dimaonds, that is implementable as a quadtree, including the provision for a Peano or Morton type coding system for addressing the hierarchical pattern of diamonds and their neighborhoods, and for linearizing storage. Furthermore, diamond partitions, in an aperture-4 hierarchy, provide direct access through the addressing system to the aperture-4 hierarchy of hexagons developed on the figure. Diamond partitions provide a nested hierarchy of grid cells for applications that require nesting and diamond cells have radial symmetry for those that require this property. Finally, diamond partitions can be cross-referenced with hierarchical triangle partitions used in other methods.     

扩散法采集个体接触空气中氨

本文采用扩散法将空气中氨采集在磷酸———甘油浸渍的无纺布吸收层上。该法采样速率为１３７６±８４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,与动力采样法现场对比测定,总不确定度为±１９３％,。采样器体积小,无噪声,操作方便,适于个体接触量与室内空气污染监测     

Sampling of Sparse Species with Probability Proportional to Prediction

In this article, a 3P sampling (Probability Proportional to Prediction) approach is presented for surveying sparse species connected to certain types of substrates. The method uses the surveyors judgement of the probability of finding the species on a substrate as the base for selection of substrates for species inventories. The method is presented together with estimators, variances and variance estimators. The method is first presented for sampling based on all substrates in a study area and then as a subsampling technique in a two-stage design in which plots or strips are selected in a first stage. The presented approach was evaluated as a subsampling technique in a strip survey of calicioid lichen species associated with coarse broadleaf trees. In comparison with a simple random subsampling without replacement, 3P subsampling was in one study area found to be an improvement with 30–55% in terms of standard errors. The improvement was more modest in the other study area, only between 10–16%. The strip survey with 3P subsampling was more cost-efficient than a strip survey without subsampling except in one case. Based on the results in the test, 3P sampling seems to have a potential for sampling sparse species.