褪色光度法测定微量碘的研究

研究了在硫酸介质中、溴化钾催化下 ,碘酸根氧化酸性铬蓝K褪色的最佳条件。其最大吸收波长λmax为 5 2 0nm ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 1 .1× 1 0 4 L·mol- 1·cm- 1,碘浓度在 0～ 3 .6mg/L内呈线性关系。方法用于测定加碘食盐中的碘 ,结果令人满意     

硫化物标样分析的预案

由计算结果可以确定如下方案 ,首先样品分析前需先将 Na2 S2 O3和碘溶液浓度配制成0 .0 0 1 mol/L,其次 1当给定标样浓度在 1 0～5 0 mg/L之间时 ,选取 2 0 ml稀释后标液进行一组平行分析 ,空白试验中硫代硫酸钠标液用量 V0( ml)减去样品滴定中其标液用量 V1( ml)的值在1 .2 5～ 6.2 4之间 ,其中 V0 约为 1 0 ml,则 V1在3.76～ 8.75之间 ,测定结果能保证较为准确可靠。 2当给定浓度在 5 0～ 1 0 0 mg/L时 ,选取 1 0 ml稀释后进行一组平行分析 ,( V0 - V1)值在 3.1 2～6.2 4之间 ,其中 V0 约为 1 0 ml,则 V1在 3.76～6.88之间 ,同样可…     

背景噪声在边界噪声测量中的影响及修正

1现行方法未考虑非稳态背景噪声影响 ,经计算得表 1数据 ,可直观选取δ值 :表 1　 ︾与 ηL 的关系 (d B)ΔL 3 .0～ 3 .2 3 .3～ 3 .94.0～ 4.84.9～ 6.0 6.1～ 7.98.0～ 1 1 .0δ 3 .0～ 2 .82 .7～ 2 .3 2 .2～ 1 .81 .7～ 1 .3 1 .2～ 0 .80 .7～ 0 .3δ取值 3 .0 2 .5 2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5表中δ由ΔL确定 ,ΔL=L- L0 ,式中 L为边界噪声等效声级 ;L0 为同一地点背景噪声等效声级。2背景噪声较高且波动较大时 ,适当延长 L和 L0 的测量时间。背景噪声在边界噪声测量中的影响及修正@金庆先$昆山市环境监测站!江苏昆山215300…     

亚硫酸钠标准溶液标定方法的改良

1标定方法 :吸取 0 .0 1 0 0 mol/L 碘溶液1 0 .0 0 ml,置于 2 5 0 ml碘量瓶中 ,加入 40 ml新蒸馏水 ,用待标定的亚硫酸钠溶液滴定至淡黄色 ,加0 .5 %淀粉溶液 2 ml,继续滴定至蓝色刚好退去 ,记录消耗体积 V。 2计算公式 :SO2 ( μg/ml) =( 0 .0 1 0 0× 1 0 .0 0× 32 .0 2×     

关于水和废水中硫化物测定的几个问题

1碘量法测定硫化物时 ,当采用低浓度 ( 0 .0 1mol/L )硫代硫酸钠标液 ,用 1 0 ml微量滴定管 ,在水样硫化物浓度在 0 .0 4～ 1 mg/L内可取得满意结果 :相对偏差 <4.0 % ,回收率 96%～ 98%。 2预处理时可将过滤好的硫化锌沉淀连同滤纸 (剪成几块 )放入碘量瓶 ,加 50 ml水浸泡几分钟 ,盖上瓶塞轻摇即可。 3用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定时 ,用醋酸调节 p H值或不调吸收液 p H值均可取得较好准确度和精密度。关于水和废水中硫化物测定的几个问题@车轩$河北省环境监测中心站!河北石家庄050051…     

接种稀释法测定BOD5方法改进

1稀释水质量 :DO为 9左右 ,1 L水中营养液加入量 1 ml,p H7.2 ,BOD50 .0 5 0～ 0 .2 0 0 mg/L。 2接种稀释水质量 :1 L稀释水中接种液加入量 ( mg/L) :河水上清液 1 0 0～ 2 0 0 ;生活污水上清液 2 0～ 30 ;植物表层浸出液 30～ 5 0。BOD50 .40 0～ 0 .80 0 mg/L。 3水样稀释倍数确定 :2 0℃时 ,五天培养前后消耗溶解氧 3.6～ 6.3mg/L,样品取样量 :V1=6.3× 1 0 0 0 /BOD估值 ;V2 =3. 6×1 0 0 0 /BOD估值。稀释倍数 δ1=1 0 0 0 /V1,δ2 =1 0 0 0 /V2 。 4计量器具和操作 :移液管取样 ,容量瓶定容 ,转入烧杯静置平衡。接种稀释法…     

维多利亚蓝B与碘在水溶液中的显色反应-吸光光度法测定海产品中的碘

研究了水相中,维多利亚蓝B与碘离子(I~-)的显色反应.当磷酸浓度为1.6mol/L,聚乙烯醇为0.08％时,维多利亚蓝B与碘形成络合比为1∶3的络合物,最大吸收峰位于375nm处,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.02×10~4L/mol·cm,碘在(0～16)μg/ml范围内符合比耳定律.方法可用于海洋生物等样品中的微量碘测定,结果满意.     

苯酚标准贮备液标定小改进

空白试验中 Na2 S2 O3 消耗量与 KBr O3 - KBr液加入量直接相关 ,要将空白试验的滴定值 V1减至 50 ml以内 ,须将 KBr O3 - KBr量减少 ,而其他反应条件不变。标定过程 :吸 5ml酚储备液 (或水 )于 2 50 ml碘量瓶中 ,加水稀至 1 0 0 ml,加5.0 0 ml0 .1 mol/L KBr O3 - KBr溶液 ,立即加 5mlHCl,加塞轻摇于暗处放置 1 0 min,加 1 g KI摇匀放暗处 5min,用 Na2 S2 O3 标液滴定至淡黄色 ,加1 ml淀粉液滴定至蓝色刚褪 ,分别记录用量 V2 ,V1,即可计算出 C=1 .0 2 0 2 mol/L。优点 :1省时30 min～ 50 min。 2节约药品。 3误差小。苯酚标准…     

测定水中硫化物新方法

1试样测定 :准确移取 50 .0 ml水样加入反应管中 ,依次加 4粒玻璃珠 ,3片自制硼氢化钾片 ,迅速倒入 8ml0 .5mol/L硫酸 ,立即安好导气管 ,另一端迅速插入盛有 2 0 ml1 %氢氧化钠溶液2 5ml比色管中 ,待吸收管内无气泡冒出时取下吸收管 ,用分光光度法测吸光度。硫化物浓度较高的水样 ,用碘量瓶加 80 ml吸收液 1 [取 1 0 0 ml醋酸锌 -醋酸钠储备液 (见水和废水监测分析方法第三版 )稀至 50 0 ml]吸收后以碘量法测定 (导气管尖端也要参与反应 ,避免沾带损失 )。 2变异系数为0 .34 98%～ 0 .650 6%之间 ,回收率为 73.0 5%～1 0 9.8%之间。测定水…     

海水、地面水中磷酸盐测定方法

以人工海水、纯水为介质 ,采用先加钼酸盐后加抗坏血酸进行显色 ,在 70 0 nm波长下测定校准曲线 ,线性较好且没有显著性差异 ,方法稳定 ,可同时测定海水和地表水无机磷、地表水总磷。检出限低于 0 .0 1 mg/L;测定天然水样 ,相对标准偏差5.1 %～ 0 .9% ;测定加标水样加标回收率为 95%～ 1 0 5% ;重复测定加标回收率相对标准偏差为1 .3%～ 2 .7% ;重复测定质控样品和标准样品误差范围 - 0 .0 0 2～ + 0 .0 0 5mg/L、- 0 .0 0 8～ +0 .0 0 4 mg/L、- 0 .0 8～ + 0 .0 0 7mg/L,相对标准偏差 0 .8%、1 .2 %、1 .3% ,精密度、准确度可满足方法要…     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...