2001-2005年新疆植被覆盖动态变化及原因分析

利用2001-2005年新疆归一化植被指数NDVI,得出该时间段新疆植被覆盖整体呈增加趋势,但局部有退化现象.对2001 - 2005年植被覆盖变化原因进行了分析,阐明降水是新疆植被覆盖变化的主要驱动因子之一.     

基于神东中心区植被覆盖变化的多时相遥感监测

准确、快速地获取植被覆盖信息是矿区生态恢复和建设的关键与重点。以神东中心区为研究对象,利用2002、2005、2007、2010、2012年Landsat TM/ETM+和HJ1A-CCD1五景同期遥感数据,采用像元二分模型法,归一化植被指数(NDVI)值反演植被覆盖度,对研究区生态环境变化规律进行分析。结果表明,神东中心区平均植被覆盖度整体呈上升趋势,区内绝大部分地表覆盖程度得到改善,改善区面积达64.01%,退化区面积只有15.34%。该方法快速、定量地反映矿区植被覆盖及变化情况,为矿区生态环境动态监测和治理提供技术支持。     

Applying Satellite Imagery to Triage Assessment of Ecosystem Health

Considerable evidence documents that certain changes in vegetation and soils result in irreversibly degraded rangeland ecosystems. We used Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery to develop calibration patterns of change in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the growing season for selected sites for which we had ground data and historical data characterizing these sites as irreversibly degraded. We used the NDVI curves for these training sites to classify and map the irreversibly degraded rangelands in southern New Mexico. We composited images into four year blocks: 1988–1991, 1989–1992, and 1990–1993. The overlap in pixels classified as irreversibly degraded ranged from 42.6% to 84.3% in year block comparisons. Quantitative data on vegetation composition and cover were collected at 13 sites within a small portion of the study area. Wide coverage reconnaissance of boundaries between vegetation types was also conducted for comparisons with year block maps. The year block 1988–1991 provided the most accurate delineation of degraded areas. The rangelands of southern New Mexico experienced above average precipitation from 1990–1993. The above average precipitation resulted in spatially variable productivity of ephemeral weedy plants on the training sites and degraded rangelands which resulted in much smaller areas classified as irreversibly degraded. We selected imagery for a single year, 1989, which was characterized by the absence of spring annual plant production in order to eliminate the confounding effect of reflectance from annual weeds. That image analysis classified more than 20% of the rangelands as irreversibly degraded because areas with shrub-grass mosaic were included in the degraded classification. The single year image included more than double the area classified as irreversibly degraded by the year blocks. AVHRR imagery can be used to make triage assessments of irreversibly degraded rangeland but such assessment requires understanding productivity patterns and variability across the landscapes of the region and careful selection of the years from which imagery is chosen.     

Vegetation coverage change and associated driving forces in mountain areas of Northwestern Yunnan, China using RS and GIS

The dynamics of vegetation coverage and associated driving forces are one of the key issues in global environmental change. In the study, taking Lijiang County as a case, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was used to quantify vegetation coverage change in mountain areas of Northwestern Yunnan, China, with the application of remote sensing data and GIS technologies. And associated driving forces of vegetation coverage change were also analyzed, with a focus on land use change and elevation. The results showed that there was high vegetation coverage with a significant increase in the whole county during 1986-2002. However, due to economic development and the implementation of environmental protection polices, vegetation coverage change in the county showed distinct spatial diversity, which mainly behaved as the increasing in the northwest of the county with low human activities, and the decreasing in the south with high economic development. The results also showed that as a restrictive factor, elevation was of great signification on the spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in a broad scale; while in the county level, it was land use that determined the vegetation coverage, since the change of vegetation coverage grades in the study area was mainly associated with the change of land use types.     

基于RS和GIS技术的贵州省植被生态环境监测分析

为阐明贵州省植被生态环境变化的整体状况，基于RS和GIS技术，应用美国国家航空航天局最新的全球植被指数变化研究数据（GIMMS），通过计算月归一化植被指数（NDVI）变化率，并对研究区一元线性回归模拟，分析了贵州省1982年-2003年的地表植被覆盖。结果表明：22年来，研究区植被覆盖呈增加趋势，表明贵州省植被生态环境向好的方向发展；贵州省平均植被覆盖在春季和秋季呈上升趋势，夏季和冬季呈下降趋势，其中春季对植被覆盖总变化量的贡献最大；植被覆盖程度增减因区域不同而异，变化程度呈增加的区域主要位于贵,ki-I省的中部地区；变化程度呈减小的区域分布在贵州省的四周边缘。     

Estimation of Vegetation Coverage in Semi-arid Sandy Land Based on Multivariate Statistical Modeling Using Remote Sensing Data

The estimation of vegetation coverage is essential in the monitoring and management of arid and semi-arid sandy lands. But how to estimate vegetation coverage and monitor the environmental change at global and regional scales still remains to be further studied. Here, combined with field vegetation survey, multispectral remote sensing data were used to estimate coverage based on theoretical statistical modeling. First, the remote sensing data were processed and several groups of spectral variables were selected/proposed and calculated, and then statistically correlated to measured vegetation coverage. Both the single- and multiple-variable-based models were established and further analyzed. Among all single-variable-based models, that is based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index showed the highest R (0.900) and R ² (0.810) as well as lowest standard estimate error (0.128024). Since the multiple-variable-based model using multiple stepwise regression analysis behaved much better, it was determined as the optimal model for local coverage estimation. Finally, the estimation was conducted based on the optimal model and the result was cross-validated. The coefficient of determination used for validation was 0.867 with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.101. The large-scale estimation of vegetation coverage using statistical modeling based on remote sensing data can be helpful for the monitoring and controlling of desertification in arid and semi-arid regions. It could serve for regional ecological management which is of great significance.     

2001—2021年黑龙江省森林植被生态质量变化分析

通过统计分析及空间插值等方法,使用气象和遥感数据,分析2001—2021年黑龙江省林区主要植被生长季的气候条件及植被生态质量变化特征。结果表明：2001—2021年黑龙江省林区生长季降水量、平均气温和日照时数分别呈增加、增加和减少趋势。在水分、热量整体逐步增加的背景下,气候条件有利于改善植被生态质量。2021年生长季大部分林区植被生态质量为优和良等级;与多年平均比较,85%以上的林区呈偏好趋势,尤其是中部、东南部部分林区呈很好趋势。植被生态质量指数平均每10 a增大43,99%以上的林区呈提高趋势,特别是北部、东南部及中部部分林区改善明显。     

广西防城港市生态质量气象评价

以广西防城港市各区(县、市)为研究对象,应用生态质量气象评价方法,选取湿润指数、植被覆盖指数、水体密度指数、土地退化指数、灾害指数5个指标,通过计算生态环境综合指数,对防城港市生态质量进行评价。结果表明:防城港市最近10年生态质量评定级别为良好,植被覆盖度较好,降水充足,生物多样性较好,适合人类生存,评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性,对城市建设和环境管理等方面具有一定的参考价值及科学依据。     

Vegetation dynamics during different abandoned year spans in the land of the Loess Plateau of China

In this semi-arid area, many studies focused on the two-phase vegetation pattern were carried out to explore a changing vegetation trajectory on degraded land. However, this study conducted an analysis of a two-phase vegetation pattern and explored the successional vegetation trajectories in a positive succession without disturbance. In this work, 60 randomly distributed plots (1?×?1 m) were invested on four abandoned land areas (4-, 12-, 22-, and 50-year abandoned land) to determine attributes of vegetation, and soil physical and nutritional properties. It was found that vegetation distribution development went from homogeneous on 4-year abandoned land to heterogeneous on 50-year abandoned land, with a positive succession. Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in soil physical and nutritional properties for the inside and outside of vegetation patches. Vegetation patches can supply better soil physical and nutritional properties for vegetation than bare patches along the abandoned time. Vegetation diversity changes without a regular trend which may be due to the effect of environment and interspecies competition. This work picked up the slack for vegetation patterns succession research and provided a quantitative analysis approach.     

Where,why, and to what extent have rangelands in the Karoo,South Africa,desertified

We used simple questionnaire surveys to obtain rough categorical information on the status of semiarid and arid rangelands in the Karoo, South Africa. We sent questionnaires to extension officers of the Department of Agricultural Development, asking them to rank the condition of the rangeland in their extension districts (usually about 500 farms) on a three- or five-point scale. The questionnaire also sought information on the possible reasons for changes in the condition of the rangelands; vegetation types most at risk on mismanaged rangelands; and changes in the status of plants, birds, and mammals. Extension officers rated 35% of the semiarid rangelands in southwestern South Africa (the Karoo and southern Kalahari Desert) as being in poor condition. There was some congruency between the perceived condition of the agricultural extension district and the percentage that the stocking rate had decreased. Rangeland condition in more arid areas tends to be poor. Stocking rates have decreased disproportionately more in arid areas than in the more mesic areas of southwestern South Africa. Grasses were rated as the most threatened group of plants, and succulents the least threatened group. Overgrazing in the past was considered to be the most important cause of present-day rangeland condition, followed by present overstocking of rangelands. Antelope were considered more threatened by rangeland management than mammalian carnivores. Avian raptors and bustards, gamebirds, and tortoises were all perceived to be threatened by rangeland mismanagement.     

20年间艾比湖流域植被覆盖度景观格局变化

选取艾比湖流域1990年、2001年、2011年同期（9月）3期I．and．satTM遥感影像，基于归一化植被指数NDVI，提取植被覆盖等级图，利用ArcGIS9．3和Fragstas3．3对该流域植被景观的变化进行了分析研究。结果表明：1990—2011年，该流域植被覆盖度变化明显，低植被覆盖区和较低植被覆盖区都有所减少，分别由1990年的34．05％和32．94％减少到2011年的32．8％和24．06％；较高植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区有所增加，分别由8．49％和5．20％增长到15．13％和9．83％，但水域面积退化明显，由1990年的525．9765km2缩小至494．9876km2，减少了30．9889km2，退缩幅度达O．4％；最大斑块指数（LPI）由17．04上升到21．10，香农多样性指数（SHDI）和香农均势度指数（SHEI）分别由1．5387和0．8588增长到1．6395和0．9150。表明艾比湖流域景观格局混杂程度愈来愈高，空间异质性在逐年加强，总体空间格局向破碎化趋势发展。     

Impact of urbanization on natural ecosystem service values: a comparative study

With rapid population growth and rural to-urban migration in many Chinese cities, a large amount of natural lands have been converted to urban and agricultural lands recently. During this process of land conversion, economic development and quality of life improvement are considered as major goals, and their influences on ecological systems have often been neglected. The degradation of natural ecological systems due to land use change, however, has become severe,and may require immediate attentions from urban planners and local governments. Taking HaDaQi industrial corridor, Heilongjiang Province, China,as a case study area, this paper examined the trend of land use changes during 1990–2005, and quantified their influences on natural eco system service values. In particular, this study applied two major valuation methods, and examined whether different valuation methods generate significantly different results. Analysis of results suggests that human dominated land uses (e.g., urban and agriculture)have expanded rapidly at the cost of natural lands (e.g., wetlands and forest). Due to these land use changes, the total ecosystem service value decreased 29% (2.26% annually) from 1990 to 2005 when the first method was applied, and this rate is estimated to be 15.7% (1.13% annually)with the second approach. Moreover, the annual rate of ecosystem service value decline during 2000–2005 is about four times higher than that in 1990–2000 with both methods, suggesting much more severe ecosystem degradation during 2000–2005.     

Did the ecological engineering have a great impact on the land use change?

Overuse of land resources has increasingly contributed to environmental crises in China. To mitigate widespread land degradation, actions have been taken to maintain and restore the ecological environment through efforts such as ecological engineering. By analyzing trends in land use, the impact and effectiveness of ecological engineering can be determined. In this study, such changes in Huanjiang County in China were considered. In the early 1990s, an eco-immigration policy and “returning farmland to forest program” were implemented in the county, drastically impacting land use. Land use/land cover changes were detected and analyzed using remote sensing data recorded over 4 years (1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010). Land transfer flow and the rate of land use change elucidated the extent of changes, while nuclear density analysis indicated spatial agglomeration. The results indicate that, over a period of 15 years, farmland area increased, while forest area decreased initially before subsequently increasing. From 1995 to 2000, the highest transfer flow was observed in the grassland to farmland conversion (79.34%). From 2000 to 2005, the transfer flow of conversions was the highest for forest to farmland (56.79%). Land use changes were not prominent from 2005 to 2010. Direct drivers of land use change exert obvious impacts on land use, and indirect drivers impact direct drivers that are then channeled through direct anthropogenic drivers (e.g., land use policies). We found that ecological engineering has a very significant impact on land use change, and that impact varies from region to region.     

The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China

Based on land ecological classification of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and field investigation, two phases of TM remote sensing data obtained in 1986 and 2000 were compared. From spatial variations and type transformation trends, the spatial changes and evolutional patterns of land ecosystem in the source regions of the two rivers were analyzed using the analytical method of landscape ecological spatial patterns. Results show that middle and high-cover high-cold steppe areas degraded considerably by 15.82%, high-cover high-cold meadow areas by 5.15%, while high-cold swamp meadow areas decreased by 24.36%. Lake water area was reduced by 7.5%, especially the lakes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Land desertification is developing rapidly and the average of desertified land area has increased by 17.11%. Desertified land in the source region of Yellow River is expanding at an annual rate of 1.83%. Analysis of the evolutional pattern of land ecotypes shows that the general tendencies of spatial evolution in the regions are coverage reduction and desertification of high-cold steppe, cover reduction and steppification of high-cold meadows, and desiccation of swamp meadows. As a result, land ecological spatial distribution pattern in the region is changing and the state of eco-environment declining.     

Effects of visitor pressure on understory vegetation in Warsaw forested parks (Poland)

Visitor’s access to understorey vegetation in park forest stands results in the impoverishment of plant species composition and a reduction in habitat quality. The phenomenon of biotic homogenisation is typical in urban landscapes, but it can proceed differently depending on the scale, a detail that has not been observed in previous studies. This research was carried out in seven Warsaw parks (both public and restricted access). Thirty-four forested areas were randomly selected, some subjected to strong visitors’ pressure and some within restricted access areas, free of such impacts. The latter category included woodlands growing in old forest and secondary habitats. Public access to the study areas contributed to the disappearance of some forest species and their replacement by cosmopolitan non-forest species, leading to loss of floristic biodiversity in areas of high ecological importance at the city scale. Some human-induced factors, including soil compaction and changes in soil pH, moisture and capillary volume, were found to cause habitat changes that favoured native non-forest plants. Despite changes in species composition, the taxonomic similarity of understorey vegetation in both categories—public access and restricted access—was comparable. In a distance gradient of measurements taken around selected individual trees, there was found to be significant variation (in light, soil pH and compaction) affecting the quality and quantity of understorey vegetation (including rare species). In conclusion, the protection of rare forest species could be achieved by limiting access to forested areas, particularly in old forest fragments, and we highly recommend its consideration in the proposal of future park restoration plans.     

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of metals in vegetation and dust near a mining haul road, Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Alaska

Vegetation, sub-surface peat, and road dust were sampled near the Delong Mountain Transportation System (DMTS) haul road in northwest Alaska in 2005-2006 to document aluminum, barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc concentrations, and to evaluate bioaccessibility of these metals. The DMTS haul road is the transport corridor between Red Dog Mine (a large-scale, lead-zinc mine and mill) and the coastal shipping port, and it traverses National Park Service lands. Compared to reference locations, total metal concentrations in four types of vegetation (birch, cranberry, and willow leaves, and cotton grass blades/stalks) collected 25 m from the haul road were enriched on average by factors of 3.5 for zinc, 8.0 for barium, 20 for cadmium, and 150 for lead. Triple rinsing of vegetation with a water/methanol mixture reduced metals concentrations by at most 50%, and cadmium and zinc concentrations were least affected by rinsing. Cadmium and zinc bioaccessibility was greater in vegetation (50% to 100%) than in dust (15% to 20%); whereas the opposite pattern was observed for lead bioaccessibility (<30% in vegetation; 50% in dust). Barium exhibited low-to-intermediate bioaccessibility in dust and vegetation (20% to 40%), whereas aluminum bioaccessibility was relatively low (<6%) in all sample types. Our reconnaissance-level study indicates that clean-up and improvements in lead/zinc concentrate transfer activities have been effective; however, as of 2006, metal dispersion from past and/or present releases of fugitive dusts along the DMTS road still may have been contributing to elevated metals in surface vegetation. Vegetation was most enriched in lead, but because bioaccessibility of cadmium was greater, any potential risks to animals that forage near the haul road might be equally important for both of these metals.     

丹江湿地国家级自然保护区及其内外区域2000—2015年土地覆被变化分析

为研究2000—2015年丹江湿地国家级自然保护区及其内外生态状况变化和保护成效,基于高分1号数据生产的2m高分辨率遥感影像数据对丹江湿地国家级自然保护区2015年人类活动状况进行分析,基于30 m分辨率的4期TM遥感影像生产的土地覆被数据和基于Modis遥感影像生产的植被覆盖度数据,对淅川县、丹江湿地国家级自然保护区及其核心区的土地覆被状况、土地覆被转类指数及其土地覆被转类途径的主导程度和3个相关区域范围内的生态系统质量以及不同区域土地覆被变化的主要变化原因进行分析。结果表明,保护区核心区的格局和质量在该区域处于最优,且土地覆被变化状况也以核心区转类指数最高;丹江湿地国家级自然保护区内的主要人类活动影响为耕地,其次包括居民点、采石场、养殖场; 15年间,保护区内外土地覆被均呈现转好趋势,但是保护区内变化优于保护区外,保护区核心区优于整个保护区,且转好的主导因素均是耕地变为湿地; 15年间植被覆盖度变化较小。     

应用遥感监测技术分析扬州市五年植被覆盖状况

利用扬州市2006—2010年间卫星遥感数据,对扬州市植被覆盖状况进行了研究。首先对遥感影像进行几何校正,其次对遥感影像进行解译,提取植被覆盖信息,计算扬州市植被覆盖指数,同时对扬州市近5年植被覆盖进行了动态变化分析。研究表明,扬州市近5年林地面积大幅度提高,植被覆盖指数逐年增加,生态环境状况逐年好转。     

The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial heterogeneity of alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), China

Understanding the complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the composition of vegetation is very important for developing and implementing strategies for promoting sustainable grassland development. The vegetation–disturbance–environment relationship was examined in degraded alpine grasslands in the headwater areas of three rivers on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in this study. The investigated hypotheses were that (1) the heterogeneity of the vegetation of the alpine grassland is due to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors and that (2) at a small scale, biotic factors are more important for the distribution of alpine vegetation. On this basis, four transects were set along altitudinal gradients from 3,770 to 3,890 m on a sunny slope, and four parallel transects were set along altitudinal gradients on a shady slope in alpine grasslands in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. It was found that biological disturbances were the major forces driving the spatial heterogeneity of the alpine grassland vegetation and abiotic factors were of secondary importance. Heavy grazing and intensive rat activity resulted in increases in unpalatable and poisonous weeds and decreased fine forages in the form of sedges, forbs, and grasses in the vegetation composition. Habitat degradation associated with biological disturbances significantly affected the spatial variation of the alpine grassland vegetation, i.e., more pioneer plants of poisonous or unpalatable weed species, such as Ligularia virgaurea and Euphorbia fischeriana, were found in bare patches. Environmental/abiotic factors were less important than biological disturbances in affecting the spatial distribution of the alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale. It was concluded that rat control and light grazing should be applied first in implementing restoration strategies. The primary vegetation in lightly grazed and less rat-damaged sites should be regarded as a reference for devising vegetation restoration measures in alpine pastoral regions.     

Land-Cover Changes and Its Impacts on Ecological Variables in the Headwaters Area of the Yangtze River, China

Land cover changes affect ecological landscape spatial pattern, and evolving landscape patterns inevitably cause an evolution in ecosystem functionality. Various ecological landscape variables, such as biological productivity (plant biomass and stock capacity), soil nutrients (organic matter and N content) and water source conservation capacity are identified as landscape function characteristics. A quantitative method and digital model for analyzing evolving landscape functionality in the headwaters areas of the Yangtze River, China were devised. In the period 1986–2000, patch transitions of the region's evolving landscapes have been predominantly characterized by alpine cold swamp meadow, with the highest coverage tending to be steppified meadow or steppe, and desertification landscape such as sand and bare rock land expansion. As the result of such changes, alpine swamp areas decreased by 3.08 × 10³ km² and the alpine cold sparse steppe and bare rock and soil land increased by 6.48 × 10³ km² and 5.82 × 10³ km², respectively. Consequently, the grass biomass production decreased by 2627.15 Gg, of which alpine cold swamp meadows accounted for 55.9% of this loss. The overall stock capacity of the headwaters area of the Yangtze River decreased by 920.64 thousand sheep units, of which 502.02 thousand sheep units decreased in ACS (Alpine cold swamp) meadow transition. Soil organic matter and N contents decreased significantly in most alpine cold meadow and swamp meadow landscape patches. From 1986 to 2000 the total losses of soil organic matter and total N in the entire headwaters region amounted to 150.2 Gkg and 7.67 Gkg. Meanwhile, the landscape soil water capacity declined by 935.9 Mm³, of which 83.9% occurred in the ACS meadow transition. In the headwater area of the Yangtze River, the complex transition of landscape resulted in sharp eco-environmental deterioration. The main indication for these changes involved the intensity of the climate in this region is becoming drier and warmer, resulting in a gradual degradation of the permafrost.