主动生物监测技术在水环境风险评价中的应用

采用生物监测技术综合分析污染物的环境行为和污染诱导的生物学效应，用于评估和预测水环境中化学品的生态风险，对保护有限的水资源和维持生态系统健康具有重要意义。介绍了主动生物监测的概念、操作流程，以及相对传统的被动生物监测所具有的优势，综述了主动生物监测技术在海洋和淡水环境质量监测中常用的指示生物，以及能对不同污染物作出响应的各种生物标志物，讨论了该领域国内外的最新研究进展。     

生物标志物在全新世古气候和古环境研究中的应用进展

全新世作为最年轻的一个地质年代,其气候环境变化与人类社会发展息息相关。回顾了近年来全新世古气候和古环境研究的进展,总结了重建古气候和古环境的常用方法,重点介绍了生物标志物包括萜类化合物、长链烯酮、甘油二烷基甘油四醚、甾醇、烷基酯类、木质素和色素在该领域的应用,并提出了开发新型生物标志物、构建多指标体系,以及与地球微生物学、生物化学、微生物学等相关学科开展交叉研究等展望。     

基于生物导向的水生态健康监测及评估概述

环境监测是水生态健康监测与评估的重要环节,基于物理、化学监测的传统水质监测通常仅能提供独立的数据信息,不能全面、直观地反映水环境状况。基于生物等生命体导向的水生态监测通过生物对环境的响应,能够直接反应复杂水体状况,在水环境健康监测与评估中占据重要地位。基于病原微生物、指示生物介绍了生物监测中的常规生物指标,总结了包括藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的常见指示生物在不同类型污染水体中的环境指示作用。从生物毒性效应出发介绍了常用的毒性效应测试方法、分析了污染物在不同生物学水平的响应,从而指明生物毒性效应在水环境健康评估中的发展优势。再从生态完整性角度阐述了生态完整性评价的一般方法和新兴分子生物学技术在水生态健康评估中的应用。重点指出环境毒理学和分子生物学在水环境监测的优势,以期为更加科学精确地进行水生态健康监测预警提供支撑。     

生物技术行业废弃物排放现状及调查评价

由于生物技术的特殊性,生物技术行业所产生生物废弃物的环境排放,对人体健康和生态环境可能带来安全隐患。目前对生物技术行业产生的生物废弃物监管也尚未形成专门的法规和监测评估体系。在实地调研和实验分析的基础上,归纳分析了上海生物技术行业生物废弃物排放种类和管理现状,探讨了生物废弃物的监测评价技术。     

生物监测技术在工业废水监测领域的应用研究

生物监测可以系统反映污染物对生物生长的影响及其在生物体内的转化和迁移,在水环境监测与生态健康管理中的重要性日益突出。伴随着工业化的快速发展,中国水环境污染问题依然严峻,工业废水治理和排放问题仍旧突出。为进一步保障工业废水出水及受纳水体水质安全,迫切需要在工业废水监测中引入生物监测技术。对传统微生物群落监测法、水生生物毒性监测法和基于分子生物学技术的微生群落监测法等在工业废水监测领域的研究及应用进行了综述,并对存在的问题进行了总结。建议后续进一步完善工业废水生物监测体系时,参考国外成熟经验,制定出符合国内需求及特征的工业废水生物监测方法与评价标准,以便更好地掌握工业区整体环境健康及污染状况。     

新村港海草床生态系统健康评价

通过分析2004—2009年海南岛新村港海草床生态系统的水环境、沉积环境、生物残毒、栖息地、生物等5类18项评价指标的调查数据,并根据《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》(HYT 087—2005)的评价标准,对新村港海草床生态系统的健康状况进行评价。结果显示,新村港水质、沉积环境、生物残毒和栖息地等4个评价指标的健康状况为健康,健康指数分别为11.4、9.0、7.1、13.0,水环境健康指数临近亚健康临界值;生物评价指标的健康状况为亚健康,健康指数为30.0;综合以上5类指标评价,新村港海草床生态系统的健康状况为亚健康,健康指数为70.5。海水养殖、污水排放、海洋工程、渔业活动等是导致海草床退化、底栖生物减少、水环境质量下降的主要原因。     

环境中药品和个人护理品的复合污染风险

在环境中污染物常以混合物的形式存在,从而扩大或减小了其对环境和生物的效应。指出目前对药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)环境健康风险的研究多停留在单一物质表观层面,造成其风险值出现偏差。系统分析了PPCPs与有机和无机污染物之间的复合污染,提出加强复合污染毒性风险及致毒机理等方面的研究,为有效降低环境水体中PPCPs潜在的安全风险提供理论支持。     

水环境生物监测的发展方向与核心技术

水环境生物监测是环境监测的重要内容,它应重点说清环境胁迫的生物效应。简述了总量管理、流域管理、风险管理、生态管理等环境管理对水环境生物监测有迫切需求,应引入＂生态系统健康＂、＂生物完整性＂、＂环境胁迫＂、＂全排水毒性＂等现代环境生物监测的基本概念,建立水环境生物监测技术发展的理论基础,发展生物完整性、综合毒性等监测与评价核心技术;革新现行监测方法体系,建立包括QA/QC、快速方法等支持系统在内的现代水环境生物监测业务化方法体系;创新评价技术体系,建立水环境生态健康评价及综合毒性评价指标体系、基准及分级管理标准,确立水环境质量管理的生物学目标。     

山东省生物多样性试点评价

以县级行政区域为评价单元,利用现有文献资料和补充调查数据,按照《区域生物多样性评价标准》(HJ 623—2011)规定的评价指标和方法,评价了山东省120个县级行政区域的生物多样性状况,分析了生物多样性状况空间分布规律。评价结果表明:山东省县级行政区域生物多样性指数在23.27~40.24之间变化,县级行政区域生物多样性状况分为"中"和"一般",分别占山东省土地总面积的55.8%和44.2%。鲁中南山地丘陵区和鲁东丘陵区的生物多样性状况好于黄河三角洲、鲁西北和鲁西南平原区。     

生物炭在土壤中的老化及其吸附重金属的研究进展

综述了生物炭在土壤中的老化机制及主要影响因素方面的研究进展，指出生物炭的理化性质和结构表征在土壤中发生变化是其老化机制，生物炭的特性、土壤特性和环境条件等因素共同影响着生物炭的老化。总结了老化生物炭在土壤中对重金属吸附的影响，生物炭在老化过程中理化性质和结构表征的变化影响了生物炭-土壤体系对重金属的吸附，并且吸附能力因老化方式和重金属不同而存在差异。提出了开展多种重金属共存条件下老化生物炭的吸附效果和机理研究、针对生物炭田间实际老化过程对土壤重金属的吸附行为开展季节性和多年长期观测研究，以及对生物炭修复的重金属污染土壤在生物炭老化过程中可能造成的环境和健康风险开展综合、长期的跟踪研究与评估等展望。     

Biomarkers of internal dose for the assessment of environmental exposure to benzene

The urinary excretion of t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and urinary benzene and the influence of a smoking habit and of exposure to urban traffic on the urinary excretion of these biomarkers were investigated in 137 male adults from the general population. All subjects were not occupationally exposed to benzene and resident in two cities in Puglia (Southern-Italy). Environmental exposure to benzene was measured using passive personal samplers. The biomarkers t,t-MA, SPMA and urinary benzene were determined in urine samples collected from each subject at the end of the environmental sampling. The percentage of cases above the limit of detection was higher for SPMA and urinary benzene in smokers than in non-smokers, and for airborne benzene and urinary benzene in subjects exposed to urban traffic. Airborne benzene was correlated with the time spent in urban traffic during the environmental sampling. Among the biomarkers, urinary benzene was found to be correlated with airborne benzene only in non-smokers, and with the time spent in urban traffic, both in smokers and non-smokers considered together, and in non-smokers only. Finally, multiple regression analysis showed that the urinary excretion of all the biomarkers was dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked per day and, for urinary benzene, also on the time spent in urban traffic. In conclusion, urinary benzene seems to be a more valid biomarker than t,t-MA and SPMA to assess environmental exposure to extremely low concentrations of benzene. Cigarette smoking prevailed over traffic exhaust fumes in determining the internal dose of benzene.     

Use of metallothioneins as biomarkers for environmental quality assessment in the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia)

Detection and assessment of the impact of pollution on biological resources imply increasing research on early-warning markers such as metallothioneins (MTs) in metal exposure. In this paper, we have collated published information on the use of metallothioneins and metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs) as biomarkers for environmental quality assessment in the Gulf of Gabès. In this area, some species of fish and bivalve were used as bioindicators of pollution. In these species, an induction of MTs/MTLPs by the essential metals such as Cu and Zn and the non-essential metals such as Cd was observed by different authors who suggest the potential use of these proteins as biomarkers. However, MT concentrations can be influenced by many biotic (sex, maturity stages, and tissues) and abiotic factors (temperature, salinity, and pH). This is essentially the case in field studies where many parameters can randomly affect MT levels, so the endogeneous regulation of MTs must be considered before using MTs as an indicator of heavy metal exposure. Moreover, the use of biomarker cannot be examined independently of the evaluation of techniques that enable its quantification. Therefore, the approach to the use of MTs/MTLP as biomarkers of exposure for an assessment of the physiological status of aquatic organisms is discussed in this paper.     

The effect of different holding conditions for environmental monitoring with caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Biomarkers in fish can be a useful tool for environmental monitoring of aquatic ecosystems when diffuse pollution is becoming more important and new chemicals are being created continuously. There are, however, a number of drawbacks with this method. Because of environmental variability, health status of wild fish populations may differ between years, leading to unrepresentative results in long term studies. Furthermore, genetic or adaptive differences between populations complicate the interpretation of studies on different sites. The use of farmed fish, placed in cages, can reduce these problems. However, experimental conditions are likely to differ between sites. For practical reasons it may, e.g., be neccesary to use different types of caging. Here, the use of net cages and flow through tanks has been compared for a number of biomarkers. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were placed in net cages and flow through tanks in the river G?ta Alv, in western Sweden, during three different periods in 2004 and 2005. No differences between types of caging were found for any biomarker. Therefore, the results suggest that net cages and flow through tanks can be used and compared in environmental monitoring using biomarkers in caged rainbow trout. However, efforts should be taken to reduce differences in experimental conditions, e.g., light intensity and feeding levels.     

国家环境标准中挥发性有机物分析方法的研究进展

综述了我国不同介质中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的环境监测方法标准,介绍了样品采集和前处理、分析方法、质量保证与质量控制等技术内容,以及VOCs监测技术的研究进展。分析了国内VOCs监管控制的现状和重点需求,并在此基础上提出了健全VOCs环境标准体系、完善分类监管的优先控制物种清单、尽快实现VOCs监测工作的常态化、推广应用先进的VOCs监测技术等建议。     

Stability of lysosomal membrane in Carcinus maenas acts as a biomarker of exposure to pharmaceuticals

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is now a major concern given their potential adverse effects on organisms, particularly human beings. Because the feeding style and habitat of the crab Carcinus maenas make this species vulnerable to organic contaminants, it has been used previously in ecotoxicological studies. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) in crabs is a general indicator of cellular well-being and can be visualized by the neutral red retention (NRR) assay. LMS in crab hemolymph has been evaluated as a cellular biomarker of adverse effects produced by exposure to pharmaceutical compounds. Crabs were exposed in the laboratory to four different pharmaceuticals for 28 days in a semistatic 24-h renewal assay. Filtered seawater was spiked every 2 days with various concentrations (from 0.1 to 50 μg·L^?1) of caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, and novobiocin. Results showed that NRR time, measured at day 28, was significantly reduced (p?<?0.05) after exposure to environmental concentrations of each pharmaceutical (caffeine?=?15 μg·L^?1; carbamazepine?=?1 μg·L^?1; ibuprofen?=?5 μg·L^?1; and novobiocin?=?0.1 μg·L^?1) when compared with control organisms. The predicted “no environmental effect” concentration/measured environmental concentration results showed that the selected pharmaceuticals are toxic at environmental concentrations and need further assessment. LMS monitoring in crabs is a sensitive tool for evaluating exposure to concentrations of selected drugs under laboratory conditions and provides a robust tier 1 testing approach (screening biomarker) for rapid assessment of marine pollution and environmental impact assessments for analyzing pharmaceutical contamination in aquatic environments.     

Influence of feeding procedure on biomarkers in caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) used in environmental monitoring

Biomarkers in feral fish can be a useful tool for environmental monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Drawbacks, however, are that suitable fish species are not always available and that natural variations can bias the results. An alternative strategy is to use farmed fish placed in cages. There is, however, still a risk that factors other than pollution level could have an impact on the biomarkers and the observed responses in the fish. The present study evaluates the effects of feeding procedure on biomarkers in caged fish. Two feeding rations (2% and 8% weekly feeding) have been examined for a large number of biomarkers in caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Significant effects of feeding rations were found on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and catalase activity, PAH metabolites in bile, plasma ion concentrations and the presence of immature red blood cells. The influence on EROD activity and PAH metabolites seems to be caused by elevated uptake of pollutants when feeding ratios are higher. The effects on other biochemical and physiological variables are more likely caused by stress due to insufficient feeding. According to these results, valid comparison of fish groups in environmental monitoring requires standardized feeding levels.     

Effect of Potassium Dichromate and Fenitrothion on Hemoglobins of Chironomus Riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) Larvae: Potential Biomarker of Environmental Monitoring

In an attempt to identify Chironomus hemoglobins as biomarkers for environmental monitoring, alterations in the hemoglobins in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae, exposed to potassium dichromate and fenitrothion, were investigated under laboratory conditions. The hemoglobins were evaluated in terms of their total contents by a cyanomethemoglobin procedure, individual components by electrophoresis of isoelectric focusing, and their oxidation by multi wavelength rapid-scanning spectrophotometry. The total hemoglobin contents increased at the high level of fenitrothion exposure. No variations in the individual hemoglobin component levels were found, by exposure to either fenitrothion or potassium dichromate. Whereas, the absorption spectra of the hemoglobins showed decreases in the peaks corresponding to the oxyhemoglobins by exposure to both compounds, but more sensitively by the chromium, which probably reflects the increase of the autoxidation of the oxyhemoglobins to methemoglobins by these compounds. These results suggest that autoxidation of the hemoglobins in Chironomus riparius seems to be a sensitive parameter in response to redox-active chemical exposure, and this biochemical parameter could be developed as a biomarker in environmental monitoring.     

The Use of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Acetylcholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferases Activities as Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination Along the Northwest Portuguese Coast

With the aim of using Mytilus galloprovincialis acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast, the objective of this study was to provide background information related to: (1) baseline values of these enzymatic activities both in reference and contaminated areas and their responsiveness as indicators of exposure to environmental contaminants; (2) the importance of seasonal variations of such biomarkers in M. galloprovincialis along this area. For this, the activity of these enzymes was seasonally determined in mussels collected from four sites, including a reference and three stations with different contamination sources along the referred area. Statistically significant differences on both enzymatic activities were found among the four sampling stations, at the four sampling periods. In comparison to the reference station, lower AChE and higher GST activity values were found in mussels collected in stations potentially contaminated by pesticides and domestic/industrial effluents and in mussels collected in the vicinity of an oil refinery and an industrial/mercantile harbour, respectively. The results obtained in this work highlighted the potential suitability of these biomarkers to be used as components of environmental monitoring programs in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast. Since a seasonal variation in both enzymatic activities was found, the possible implications of such variability in the use of these enzymes as environmental biomarkers are also discussed.     

Kinetic of Biomarker Responses in Juveniles of the Fish Sparus aurata Exposed to Contaminated Sediments

Sediments in the National Park of the Atlantic Islands (Galicia, Spain) were affected by the spill of the tanker Prestige (November, 2002) and still present high levels of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The adverse effects associated with the contaminants in sediments were tested using a chronic bioassay, exposing juveniles of the fish Sparus aurata (seabream). A toxicokinetic approach is proposed to evaluate sediment quality by linking chemical and ecotoxicological data along the time. Sediment samples were physicochemically characterized and the concentration of contaminants (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs – and metals) was measured. Fishes were exposed to contaminated sediments, and samples from different tissues were collected every 15 days throughout the 60 days that lasted the experiment. A biomarker of exposure (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity – EROD activity) and a biomarker of effect (histopathology) were analyzed during the exposure period. Results show a relationship between the biomarkers and the concentrations in sediments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—PAHs. Besides, the toxicokinetic approach links biomarkers response providing information about the relationship between the detoxification process and the damages observed in the different tissues. The frequency of the histological damage is highest when the EROD activity slightly decreases in accordance with the mechanism of detoxification of this enzymatic system against PAHs and other organic contaminants.     

Biological monitoring versus air monitoring strategies in assessing environmental-occupational exposure

Assessment of environmental and occupational exposure to chemicals can be performed with environmental monitoring (EM) and biological monitoring (BM). Biological monitoring was for a long time considered as a method complementary to environmental monitoring. At present this attitude is changing and in certain areas biological monitoring is applied as the method of choice for exposure and health-risk assessment. This paper examines advantages and disadvantages of those two approaches. In occupational settings environmental monitoring of exposure to VOCs seems to be superior to biological monitoring (possibility of simultaneous determination of components of mixtures, simple interpretation, possibility of evaluation of short-term exposure to local irritants). In the case of this group of compounds BM can be useful in selected cases such as evaluation of dermal absorption or efficiency of protective measures. In the case of metals both forms of monitoring can be used depending on the available methods for interpretation of results. BM of exposure may be considered as superior for evaluating the effects of exposure to lead, cadmium and mercury. However, quantitative evaluation of cancer risk after exposure to arsenic or chromium is possible only on the basis of determination in the air and the use of unit risk values. Both environmental and biological monitoring are useful for evaluation of occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In certain areas such as evaluation of exposure to external tobacco smoking, cytostatic drugs, and pesticides, biological monitoring is the method of choice used for individual exposure assessment or tracing the trends of environmental exposure.