克拉玛依市中心城区颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征

在克拉玛依市中心城区布设4个采样点,在供暖期和非供暖期分别同步采集4个点位大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC进行分析并计算2个采样期内PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度和种类。结果表明:中心城区供暖期PM_(10)中PAHs浓度为56.19 ng/m3,PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度为48.85 ng/m3;中心城区非供暖期PM_(10)中PAHs浓度为18.86 ng/m~3,PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度为14.53 ng/m~3。不同采样期PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度变化趋势相同,均为供暖期明显大于非供暖期。中心城区供暖期大气颗粒物吸附的PAHs以4环以下的组份为主,非供暖期则是5~6环的高环数组份偏多。分析结果表明克拉玛依市中心城区供暖期颗粒物中PAHs来源于燃煤排放叠加机动车排放,与中心城区集中供热锅炉关系密切;非供暖期则是以机动车排放污染为主。     

粤北韶关市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的粒径分布特征

2012年12月4日—11日,使用微孔均匀撞击式采样器(MOUDI)连续7 d采集广东省韶关市3个环境空气监测点气溶胶样品,采用GC/MS测定包括美国国家环保局(USEPA)优控多环芳烃(Σ16PAHs)在内的17种PAHs的浓度水平,并分析Σ16PAHs的粒径分布特征和来源。结果表明:韶关市冬季气溶胶颗粒中Σ16PAHs的质量浓度为17.29 ng/m3~23.97 ng/m3;Σ16PAHs集中在1.0μm~3.2μm的积聚态和粗颗粒中,呈单峰分布特征;比值参数分析显示,韶关市大气颗粒物中PAHs主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气的排放。     

春节除夕燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气质量影响分析

结合2003—2014年南京城区春节除夕前后主要空气污染物监测数据,分析烟花爆竹集中燃放时空气污染指数及PM10、SO2、NO2质量浓度的变化趋势。指出除夕燃放烟花爆竹会引起PM10、SO2、NO2质量浓度上升,在大气扩散条件不佳的情况下影响了环境空气质量。建议在大中城市城区采取适当的禁放措施,并加快研制安全环保型的烟花爆竹替代产品。     

杭州城区春节PM2.5中水溶性离子在线观测

利用大气细颗粒物水溶性组分在线连续监测分析系统(AIM-URG9000D),考察了杭州城区春节期间PM2.5中无机水溶性离子的浓度变化范围,探讨了这些离子的日变化特征和影响因素,同时分析了集中燃放烟花爆竹对水溶性离子浓度的影响。结果表明,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4是PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占全部水溶性组分的33.3%、28.4%、19.4%;强致癌物质NO-2浓度为2.07μg/m3,远大于膜采样结果;NO-3与SO2-4的质量比为0.85,表明机动车尾气排放导致的大气污染正逐步加重;各水溶性离子有着各自不同的日变化规律。相关性分析表明,NH+4与NO-3、SO2-4的相关系数分别为0.92、0.81;K+、Cl-、Mg2+3者之间的相关系数均在0.9以上。烟花爆竹燃放期间,PM2.5浓度急剧上升,Cl-、SO2-4、K+、Mg2+浓度分别达到燃放前的18、6、53、76倍。     

灰霾天气期间南京气溶胶的化学组成及光学特性研究

利用2013年6月—12月灰霾天气期间南京城郊气溶胶采样结果,研究气溶胶中水溶性离子的特征和相关性;结合同期城区的大气成分逐时观测资料,分析黑碳的日变化及其与气态污染物的关系;运用光学参量计算模型(OPAC)和辐射传输模型(TUV)研究气溶胶的光学特性及辐射强迫。结果表明:发生灰霾天气时南京城郊主要大气污染物是细颗粒,其中SO2-4与NO-3是最主要的水溶性无机盐离子,NO-3/SO2-4质量比较高,呈现硫酸盐和硝酸盐混合型污染特征。黑碳浓度具有明显的日变化特征,呈双峰型结构。灰霾期间硫酸盐气溶胶在大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为-10.6 W/m2和-10.8 W/m2,黑碳气溶胶在正午大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为9.12 W/m2和-29.77 W/m2。     

某农药厂周边空气毒死蜱污染状况及健康风险评价

为了研究某农药厂毒死蜱生产对周围人群产生的潜在健康风险,在农药厂周围村庄设置采样点,采用大流量大气采样器采集大气样本,索式提取/气相色谱法分析毒死蜱浓度。结果表明,大气气溶胶中毒死蜱的质量浓度为0.2~189 ng/m3,大气颗粒物中毒死蜱浓度较低,质量浓度为ND~3.50 ng/m3。基于美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价方法计算结果表明,大气毒死蜱暴露对于儿童和成人的非致癌风险控制在EPA推荐的可接受风险水平。     

重庆市春季大气PM10中有机碳、元素碳浓度水平及污染特征分析

2006年4月于重庆市主城区9个采样点和1个城郊对照点同步采集了大气PM10样品,利用热分解示差热导法元素分析仪测定了PM10中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,对OC和EC的污染水平、空间分布、OC和EC的浓度关系以及二次有机碳(SOC)等特征进行了较为详细的分析。结果显示,不同区域采样点的OC、EC浓度存在较明显差异,主城区大气环境中OC、EC平均浓度分别为52.5、8.6μg/m3,是对照点OC(16.8μg/m3)、EC(2.9μg/m3)浓度的3.1和3.0倍;主城区总碳气溶胶(TCA)占PM10总浓度的比例均值为33.3%;无论是高污染城区点还是一般城区点,OC和EC浓度间的相关性均不显著;各样点OC/EC值均超过2,表明存在二次有机碳的贡献;初步估算主城区PM10中的二次有机碳浓度均值为39.6μg/m3,占PM10总浓度的16.1%左右。     

兰州市室外大气细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征

在兰州市不同室外环境区域布设4个采样点，使用PSW-6型安德森（Andersen）6级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集大气细菌气溶胶，分析其浓度和粒径日变化特征。结果表明，不同季节各采样点的大气细菌气溶胶浓度上午时段为88 CFU/m3～1 335 CFU/m3，下午时段为78 CFU/m3～865 CFU/m3。除了夏季兴隆山上午时段外，其余不同季节各采样点上、下午时段的大气细菌气溶胶粒径均主要分布于Ⅰ级—Ⅳ级（＞2.10μm），占比为 70.54%～93.94%；Ⅴ级（1.10 μm～2.10μm）和Ⅵ级（0.65 μm～1.10 μm）大气细菌粒子占比较低，仅为6.06%～29.46%。     

沈阳市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量分析2016年沈阳市PM_(2.5)中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量浓度,探讨其时空分布特征,并解析PAHs的来源。结果表明:沈阳市PAHs的平均质量浓度为71. 5 ng/m3,其中3环、4环PAHs分别占31. 3%和48. 8%;采暖期PAHs浓度明显高于非采暖期,中心城区高于周边。总毒性当量浓度平均值为8. 05 ng/m3。特征比值法和主成分分析法解析的PAHs来源基本一致,主要为燃烧源、石油挥发源和工业生产源,贡献率分别为70. 11%、14. 19%和10. 74%。     

采暖期北京大气PM2.5中碳组分的分布特征及来源解析

在冬季采暖期采集北京大气中的PM_(2.5)样品,利用自动称重系统AWS-1和热/光碳分析仪测定样品中PM_(2.5)和OC/EC,研究碳组分的变化特征,并通过OC/EC的值和单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS 0515)分析大气颗粒物中碳气溶胶的可能来源。结果表明:PM_(2.5)污染天气的OC、EC在PM_(2.5)中的占比要比清洁天气时低,其中SOC在PM_(2.5)中的占比由清洁天气时的22.9%减少到了重污染天气的15.4%,这是因为大气中的PM_(2.5)有较强的消光作用,导致气溶胶的氧化能力降低,造成了SOC的生成量减少;通过分析OC/EC值表明,冬季采暖期北京大气碳气溶胶的主要来源为机动车尾气和燃煤,这与SPAMS 0515在线解析的结果一致。采用SPAMS 0515进行在线OC、EC分析,在PM_(2.5)质量浓度≤250μg/m3时同手工方法有较好的相关性。解析结果表明,燃煤和机动车尾气是北京冬季采暖期的首要污染物来源,占比分别为34.0%和26.4%。     

装潢居室空气中甲醛采样方法改进

对空气中甲醛测定的采样方法进行了探讨 ,分别用水和稀硫酸作吸收液对空气甲醛进行采样研究。结果表明 ,用 0 .0 0 5mol LH2 SO4 作吸收液的采样方法 ,可有效、稳定地延长样品的保存时间 ,且又符合方法灵敏度和精密度的要求。     

从履约压力看环境监测发展方向

分析了在当前履约压力下环境监测的薄弱与不足之处,提出了拓展环境空气监测内容,将生态调查和多样性监测纳入常规体系,推进有机监测技术发展,加大多边合作与联合监测的发展思路.     

泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响

为了解泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响,于2012年6月8日、9月12日、12月6日,对泰东河沿线以及通榆河东台段进行调查取样,分析施工期间河体水质变化。结果表明,施工期间水质参数基本保持在Ⅱ~Ⅲ类。根据江苏省水环境监测中心盐城分中心2011年、2013年监测资料评价分析,泰东河河道疏浚后,清理了河床淤泥,提高了泰东河的行洪、抗洪以及通航能力,其水质的好转有效地改善了下游通榆河的水质,确保了饮水安全。     

Estimating the Ecological Condition of the Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico

Monitoring of estuaries in the Louisianian Province was performed annually from 1991–1994 to assess ecological conditions on a regional scale. We found over the four years of monitoring, 25±6% of Gulf of Mexico estuarine sediments in the Louisianian Province displayed poor biological conditions, as measured by benthic community structure, and 14±7% of the area was characterized by poor water clarity, the presence of marine debris, and elevated levels of fish tissue contaminants. Using statistical associations to discern relationships between ecological condition and exposure or stressor data has shown that much of this degraded' condition co-occurs with sediment contamination.     

State of the Estuaries in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States

The U.S. EPA has prepared a State of the Region Report for Mid-Atlantic Estuaries to increase knowledge of environmental condition for improved environmental management. Sources of information included the National Estuary Programs, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the state monitoring programs in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Federal programs such as National Status & Trends, National Shellfish Register, National Wetlands Inventory, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, and other primary literature sources. The state of the estuarine environment was summarized using indicators for water and sediment quality, habitat change, condition of living resources, and aesthetic quality. Each indicator was briefly discussed relative to its importance in understanding estuarine condition. Wherever possible, data from multiple programs were used to depict condition. Finally, an overall evaluation of estuarine condition in the region was determined. The usefulness of monitoring programs that collect consistent information with a well-defined sampling design cannot be overemphasized.     

锅炉污染物监测中运行负荷的现场判断

简述了锅炉的风量和烟气量、锅炉燃料的消耗量以及锅炉运行负荷的估算方法。通过实例分析,用现场监测的实际风量与理论值比较,粗略估算出监测时段锅炉运行负荷,比对锅炉污染物监测时段的锅炉运行负荷标准,从而判断监测数据的准确性与有效性。     

An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed

In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support fromthe United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baselineindicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the2790 km² watershed had 1570 km² of forest in 1997, 1080 km² of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km² of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its managementstatus after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitorforest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant specieswere identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850–1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forestsof the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. Theseremote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400–2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and therewas clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trashcollection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result ofdeforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides.Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases inerosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water fromrainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to aforested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areasand streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoningpopulation will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades.Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.     

空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

Monitoring the quality of the marine environment

As part of the monitoring program from Instituto Hidrográfico, since 1981 sediment and water samples have been collected from four different estuarine areas located along the continental coast of Portugal. The concentrations of different parameters were measured in the water and sediment samples. After normalization, the concentrations of chromium, mercury, lead and zinc in the sediments from the different areas were compared.