河流水生态环境质量评价方法研究与应用进展

河流生态质量的监测和评价是从河流生态系统健康状况的角度对河流质量进行的评价。河流生态健康的评价已经向多要素多指标综合、多种评价方法(预测模型法、生物完整性指数、多要素综合评价)、流域尺度方向发展。该文重点介绍了国外评价体系产生的背景和研究基础,分析了广泛应用的几类评价方法的特点、在不同国家和流域的应用情况以及各方法的应用前景,分析了国内开展河流生态质量评价研究的发展过程、阶段性研究进展和应用案例,并根据目前研究基础评述了我国评价体系现存问题及应用前景,为河流生态质量评价体系的建立及发展方向提供建议和参考。     

Biodiversity and Saving the Earth

The challenges for reversing course in our stewardship of the earth's ecosystems has never been greater. Biodiversity is in decline on an unprecedented scale and it is tempting to use this as an indicator of the health of the earth's ecosystems. In fact it is one of a number of indicators that collectively provides information on trends in the condition of ecosystems. But the larger problem is the lack of integration between the social and natural sciences. Mainstream scientists continue to reject the notion that solving environmental problems requires an integration of values and processes. A conceptual model shows how these facets may be brought together. A holistic vision requires the integration of natural, social and health sciences. From this perspective the linkage between biodiversity, ecosystem resilience and management options is more clearly articulated.     

浮游动物DNA宏条形码多样性监测采样方法研究

浮游动物是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境因子敏感,是水生生态健康状况的重要指示生物.基于传统形态学的浮游动物调查方法无法鉴定桡足类幼体,难以准确了解浮游动物群落组成.DNA宏条形码技术基于DNA序列差异识别物种,为浮游动物群落组成的准确解析提供了新方法.比较了不同浮游动物采样方法(直接过滤法和网富集法)对浮游动物D...     

Implications of Atmospheric Change for Biodiversity of Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada

Overall, the greatest threats to Canadian and global biodiversity are associated with conversions of natural ecosystems to anthropogenic ones, and over-exploitation of biological resources. This circumstance does not, however, trivialize the importance of atmospheric influences. Although scientific understanding of the risks is incomplete, it is nevertheless clear that anthropogenic changes in atmospheric stressors are potentially damaging to biodiversity and other ecological values over medium- and longer-term scales. It is important that greater investments be made in support of longer-term monitoring and research designed to understand the effects of atmospheric and other environmental stressors on the biodiversity and structure and function of Canadian ecosystems.     

邛海水生生态系统健康评价

将生态系统健康评价引入邛海环境问题研究中,通过对邛海水生生态系统健康状况初步评价得出邛海水生生态系统健康状况为1988年最好,其次是2004年,2000年最差。     

基于浮游植物生物完整性的北部湾生态健康评价

应用生物完整性理论和方法,研究基于浮游植物生物完整性指数(Phytoplanktonic Index of Biotic Integrity,P-IBI)在海湾生态评价中的方法构建,通过生境区域划分、评价因子选择、阈值确定等构建适合海湾的P-IBI生态健康评价指标体系,并以北部湾为例开展应用与验证。基于P-IBI的北部湾生态健康评价结果显示:3个水期中枯水期相对较好,丰水期次之,平水期最差,钦州市茅尾海海域内4个采样点在3个水期评价结果大部分为"差"和"较差",其余大部分采样点都在"一般"及以上。Spearman相关性分析显示,P-IBI均与水质类别正相关。研究结果表明P-IBI指数在北部湾生态健康评价应用与验证结果基本符合实际,应用P-IBI能够较好地开展海湾的生态健康评价,可因地制宜应用于近岸海域生态评价。     

准噶尔盆地生态系统优先性评价

生态系统是生物多样性的重要组成部分,更是物种多样性和遗传多样性赖以维持和保存的基础。为了有效地保护准噶尔盆地区域内的生态系统,综合应用生态学理论、植被长期研究成果和地理信息系统技术,总结了准噶尔盆地内生态系统类型,分析了各类生态系统特征和空间分布规律,探索了一种生态系统保护优先性评价方法,以期为区域生态保护建设提供依据...     

Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: a review

We review critical issues that must be considered when selectingindicator species for a monitoring program that aims to maintainor restore ecological integrity. First, we examine the pros andcons of different management approaches on which a conservationprogram can be based and conclude that ecosystem management ismost appropriate. We then identify potential indicators ofecological integrity at various levels of the ecosystem, with aparticular emphasis on the species level. We conclude that,although the use of indicator species remains contentious, it canbe useful if (1) many species representing various taxa and lifehistories are included in the monitoring program, (2) theirselection is primarily based on a sound quantitative databasefrom the focal region, and (3) caution is applied wheninterpreting their population trends to distinguish actualsignals from variations that may be unrelated to thedeterioration of ecological integrity. Finally, we present anddiscuss different methods that have been used to select indicatorspecies.     

中国生态监测存在问题及发展趋势

在生态学的基本理论基础上,探讨了生态监测的科学内涵,明确了生态监测对象就是生态系统,目标是认识反映生态系统的状态和演变趋势,为管理和决策提供科学依据。深入分析了中国生态监测存在的5个问题:生态监测缺乏统一管理,部门间任务存在交叉和重复;生态监测技术不够规范,信息整合与利用困难;生态监测网络松散,国家级生态监测网络建立缓慢;环境监测法律依据不足,法制保障力度亟待加强;生态监测能力水平普遍较低,亟待建设。最后,从国家现实需求、生态监测现状以及监测技术发展的历史规律,探讨了未来中国生态监测的总体发展趋势。     

A framework for assessment and monitoring of small mammals in a lowland tropical forest

Development projects in tropical forests can impact biodiversity.Assessment and monitoring programs based on the principles of adaptive management assist managers to identify and reduce suchimpacts. The small mammal community is one important component ofa forest ecosystem that may be impacted by development projects. In 1996, a natural gas exploration project was initiated in a Peruvian rainforest. The Smithsonian Institution's Monitoring andAssessment of Biodiversity program cooperated with Shell Prospecting and Development Peru to establish an adaptive management program to protect the region's biodiversity. In thisarticle, we discuss the role of assessing and monitoring small mammals in relation to the natural gas project. We outline theconceptual issues involved in establishing an assessment andmonitoring program, including setting objectives, evaluating the results and making appropriate decisions. We also summarizethe steps taken to implement the small mammal assessment, provideresults from the assessment and discuss protocols to identifyappropriate species for monitoring.     

Optimising the sampling effort in riparian surveys

Riparian condition is commonly measured as part of stream health monitoring programs as riparian vegetation provides an intricate linkage between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Field surveys of a riparian zone provide comprehensive riparian attribute data but can be considerably intensive and onerous on resources and workers. Our objective was to assess the impact of reducing the sampling effort on the variation in key riparian health indicators. Subsequently, we developed a non-parametric approach to calculate an information retained (IR) statistic for comparing several constrained systematic sampling schemes to the original survey. The IR statistic is used to select a scheme that reduces the time taken to undertake riparian surveys (and thus potentially the costs) whilst maximising the IR from the original survey. Approximate bootstrap confidence intervals were calculated to improve the inferential capability of the IR statistic. The approach is demonstrated using riparian vegetation indicators collected as part of an aquatic ecosystem health monitoring program in Queensland, Australia. Of the nine alternative sampling designs considered, the sampling design that reduced the sampling intensity per site by sixfold without significantly comprising the quality of the IR, results in halving the time taken to complete a riparian survey at a site. This approach could also be applied to reducing sampling effort involved in monitoring other ecosystem health indicators, where an intensive systematic sampling scheme was initially employed.     

水环境生物监测的发展方向与核心技术

水环境生物监测是环境监测的重要内容,它应重点说清环境胁迫的生物效应。简述了总量管理、流域管理、风险管理、生态管理等环境管理对水环境生物监测有迫切需求,应引入＂生态系统健康＂、＂生物完整性＂、＂环境胁迫＂、＂全排水毒性＂等现代环境生物监测的基本概念,建立水环境生物监测技术发展的理论基础,发展生物完整性、综合毒性等监测与评价核心技术;革新现行监测方法体系,建立包括QA/QC、快速方法等支持系统在内的现代水环境生物监测业务化方法体系;创新评价技术体系,建立水环境生态健康评价及综合毒性评价指标体系、基准及分级管理标准,确立水环境质量管理的生物学目标。     

Threatened and less known ethnomedicinal plants of an Indo-Burma hotspot region: conservation implications

Present paper provides first-hand information of certain ethnomedicinal plants from an Indo-Burma hotspot region (Mizoram, NE India). Forty ethnomedicinal plants recorded for the first time from this site of particular ecological relevance. Medical applications and conservation status of recorded plants have been described. In light of the fact that biodiversity characterization is now increasingly being recognized as an endangered field, such sort of biodiversity inventorying, monitoring, and assessment works are relevant particularly in relation to plants which are intimately linked with human welfare. Moreover, sustainable use of such components of biodiversity may extend important ecosystem services and also assist in their conservation.     

Biodiversity and ecosystem services in strategic environmental assessment: An evaluation of six Australian cases

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) aims to provide a sound theoretical basis on which to plan for biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). With the multi-purpose and increasing use of SEA worldwide, it is timely to evaluate the effectiveness of SEA practice in integrating biodiversity and ES considerations. Here, we derive criteria from the International Best Practice Principles on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Impact Assessment to evaluate six Australian SEAs conducted for urban development plans. We use qualitative and quantitative content analysis to examine the endorsed SEA reports. We identify and analyse text references related to the evaluation criteria and use word counting of keywords to supplement and cross-check the validity of our findings. Four significant results emerge from our analysis. First, while goals to achieve no net loss (NNL) or net gain outcomes for biodiversity are mentioned in all case studies, their poor specification may limit their effectiveness. Second, there is limited integration of ES considerations into the SEA reports, limiting the potential advantages that such an approach could provide. Third, offsetting is the most documented type of mitigation measure, potentially signalling a lack of evidence in implementing early steps of the mitigation hierarchy, including avoidance. This could be explained by the low level of integration of biodiversity and ES considerations from the early stages in the planning process, where there is more flexibility to apply such steps. Fourth, biodiversity management systems and follow-up activities lack detailed information to judge whether they will be useful to demonstrate NNL outcomes. Based on these findings, we present recommendations for enhancing the integration of biodiversity and ES considerations in SEAs. Our approach provides a general framework that can be applied to evaluate SEAs elsewhere in the world from a biodiversity and ES conservation perspective.     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的上海苏州河水生态系统健康评价

苏州河横贯上海中心城区，曾是都市污染河流。为从生态学角度揭示苏州河的污染程度，笔者采用鱼类生物完整性指数（F-IBI）评价了苏州河水生态系统的健康状况。分别于2019年6月4—23日（夏季）和9月14—26日（秋季），租用专业渔船在苏州河13个断面采集样本，共采集到10 102尾鱼类，隶属于8目15科37属45种。以大莲湖为参照点，通过判别分析和关联度筛选，从5大类29个初选指标中筛选出10个指标，构建了苏州河F-IBI评价指标体系。分析结果表明：夏季干流上游的5个断面状况为"极好"或"好"，支流3个断面为"好"或"一般"，而干流下游的5个断面则为"差"或"极差"。秋季干流上游5个断面和支流3个断面与夏季的健康状况相似，下游断面则有所改善，仅武宁路桥为"极差"，其余均为"一般"或"差"。研究显示苏州河上游干流的水生态系统已基本恢复，而上游支流和下游干流还未建立健康稳定的水生态系统。建议苏州河环境综合整治第四期工程要更加注重治理岸上的污染源，同步实施干支流水系的污染治理，定期开展城区段淤泥清理，实施岸线的生态化改造。     

A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas

Monitoring is a crucial component of conservation in marine protected areas (MPAs) as it allows managers to detect changes to biodiversity and to infer cause of change. However, the complexities of sampling designs and associated statistical analyses can impede implementation of monitoring by managers. Two monitoring frameworks commonly used in marine environments are statistical testing and parameter estimation. For many managers these two approaches fail to help them detect change and infer causation for one or more reasons: the complexity of the statistical test, no decision-making structure and a sampling design that is suboptimal. In collaboration with marine park rangers in Egypt, we instigated a monitoring framework to detect impacts by snorkelers in a pragmatic but scientifically rigorous way. First, we used a literature review to define causal criteria to facilitate inference. This was essential because our sampling design was suboptimal due to a lack of baseline data and there was only one impact site. Second, we established a threshold level of coral damage that if exceeded would trigger management to reduce the impact of snorkelers. This provided a clear decision-making structure. Third, we estimated effect sizes with confidence intervals to detect change. For the field managers, this approach to detection was easier to understand than assessing a null hypothesis and provided critical information for decision making. At no stage during the short study period did snorkelers cause damage that exceeded the threshold and thus mitigation was not required. In situations of technical and financial constraints this framework will increase the implementation of effective impact monitoring for many activities in MPAs and enhance management of marine biodiversity.     

Vegetation, Soil, and Animal Indicators of Rangeland Health

We studied indicators of rangeland health on benchmark sites with long, well documented records of protection from stress by domestic livestock or histories of environmental stress and vegetation change. We measured ecosystem properties (metrics) that were clearly linked to ecosystem processes. We focused on conservation of soil and water as key processes in healthy ecosystems, and on maintenance of biodiversity and productivity as important functions of healthy ecosystems. Measurements from which indicators of rangeland health were derived included: sizes of unvegetated patches, cover and species composition of perennial grasses, cover and species composition of shrubs and herbaceous perennials, soil slaking, and abundance and species composition of the bird fauna. Indicators that provided an interpretable range of values over the gradient from irreversibly degraded sites to healthy sites included: bare patch index, cover of long-lived grasses, palatability index, and weighted soil surface stability index. Indicators for which values above a threshold may serve as an indicator of rangeland health include: cover of plant species toxic to livestock, cover of exotic species, and cover of increaser species. Several other indicator metrics were judged not sensitive nor interpretable. Examples of application of rangeland health indicators to evaluate the success of various restoration efforts supported the contention that a suite of indicators are required to assess rangeland health. Bird species diversity and ant species diversity were not related to the status of the sample site and were judged inadequate as indicators of maintenance of biodiversity.     

Holling's Figure-Eight Model: A Technical Reevaluation in Relation to Climate Change and Biodiversity

Holling proposed a four-phase conceptual model of ecosystem dynamics that includes exploitation, conservation, and destructive and renewal components to explain the failure of many natural resource management schemes. The model is drawn as a sideways figure-eight i.e. . There are two dimensions in this model, connectivity (abscissa) and the amount of capital stored in the system (ordinate). This conceptual model has been suggested as a guide to thinking about the impact of climate change on biodiversity, but the two dimensions are insufficient and the alignment of the figure-eight model is problematic when compared with actual data. Kay has adjusted the dimensions of the figure-eight model and renamed the abscissa as exergy stored and the ordinate as exergy consumed. We realign the original figure-eight model, labeling the abscissa as carbon stored and the ordinate as nutrients, such that the relative values of both axes are in qualitative agreement with data from four different studies. This new alignment is then shown to fit relatively well with Holling's original labels. This revision of the figure-eight model brings Holling's model into agreement with observations and provides insight into the linkages between biodiversity and climate change.     

论北方森林、农业、矿业开发生态环境监测指标

黑龙江省地处“东北亚”环境敏感区 ,具有独特的北方生态环境。它的针叶林生态系统 ,针阔叶混交林生态系统 ,温带草原生态系统 ,以及湿地生态系统等 ,都是我国代表性的植被生态系统。这些生态系统的生物多样性 ,以及生物种群和数量也是我国最丰富的地区之一。探索北方生态环境监测指标 ,开展生态环境监测 ,为主管部门和各级政府及时提供决策依据 ,对加快生态环境状况的改善 ,减少自然资源的退化 ,促进地方经济持续稳定的发展具有十分重要的意义。论述了生态环境监测指标的确定原则 ,探讨了农业和矿业开发生态环境监测指标     

面向生态监测与管理的国家级土地生态分类方案研究

遥感能够为生态监测和管理提供有用的技术手段,能够实现生态的持续、快速、动态监测。土地生态分类体系是实现生态遥感的基础。目前世界上已有的土地分类系统基本是从土地利用/土地覆盖或资源调查的角度设计的,尚不能满足宏观生态和管理的需求。该研究提出的面向生态监测与管理的国家级土地生态分类方案就是为了满足这种需求而设计的。