2019—2020年福建水体总放射性监测

2019—2020年在福建省设置河流、湖泊（水库）、饮用水源地水、地下水监测点位,定量分析水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度。试验表明：河流总α、总β放射性活度浓度测定值分别为0.004 Bq/L～0.130 Bq/L、0.056 Bq/L～0.840 Bq/L,湖泊（水库）测定值分别为0.005 Bq/L～0.057 Bq/L、0.066 Bq/L～0.170 Bq/L,饮用水源地水测定值分别为0.001 Bq/L～0.103 Bq/L、0.039 Bq/L～0.243 Bq/L,地下水测定值分别为0.012 Bq/L～0.110 Bq/L、0.046 Bq/L～1.10 Bq/L。说明2019—2020年福建地区地表水、地下水总α、总β放射性变化稳定,未出现异常,饮用水源地水放射性水平符合国家标准。     

广东省部分饮用水源地水中总α和总β放射性水平

调查广东省不同地区饮用水源地水中总α、总β放射性水平,分丰水期和枯水期2次各采集20个不同水样,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》(GB/T 5750.13—2006),利用BH1227型低本底α、β测量仪测定样品。结果表明,40个水样中总α、总β放射性水平分别为0.017 Bq/L~0.286 Bq/L和0.027 Bq/L~0.397 Bq/L,测量值均在正常本底波动范围之内,放射性指标符合国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)。     

芦山县地震灾区饮用水水源地总放射性水平的初步调查

通过对地震后雅安市芦山县的饮用水水源地总放射性水平调查,初步掌握该县重点区域饮用水水源地放射性浓度的水平。参考《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》(GB/T 5750.13—2006),通过测定质量厚度-计数效率曲线获取不同质量厚度的样品源所对应的计数效率值,计算水质中总放射性浓度。结果显示,所采集的雅安芦山地震灾区40个饮用水源地水样中的总α、总β放射性活度浓度范围分别为9.13×10-3Bq/L~9.83×10~(-2)Bq/L和1.68×10~(-2)Bq/L~1.36×10-1Bq/L,均符合我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)中放射性活度浓度指标限值要求(总α≤0.5 Bq/L,总β≤1 Bq/L)。说明地震没有造成该地区饮用水源地水质的放射性污染。     

鄂尔多斯市水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度及实验质量控制初探

依据水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度测量方法 HJ 898-2017和HJ 899-2017,采用厚源法,测定了鄂尔多斯市矿井水、医疗废水和地下水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度,测量结果均在国家标准要求范围内。为保证实验质量,从仪器检查、期间核查和不确定度评定三个方面探讨了水中总α、总β放射性测量实验方法的质量控制。     

田湾核电站厂区及周围环境大气气溶胶中总α和总β放射性水平监测

通过2011—2013年对田湾核电站厂区及周围环境大气气溶胶中总α、总β放射性水平的监测,结果表明:该核电站厂区及周围环境大气气溶胶中总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.023 m Bq/m3~0.296 m Bq/m3、0.240 m Bq/m3~2.460 m Bq/m3,放射性水平在本底范围内,未见明显差异;总α、总β放射性水平波动受气象条件影响,呈季节性变化特征。     

2016—2020年四川省地级市(州)饮用水源地总α、总β放射性水平及健康风险评估

为了解四川省各地级市(州)饮用水源地的放射性水平,评价其水源地辐射水平的安全性,于2016—2020年对全省各地级市(州)饮用水源地进行布点、采样,分析水中总α、总β的放射性水平,利用健康风险模型对居民的健康风险进行评估。结果显示:各地级市(州)饮用水源地的总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.008~0.094、0.011~0.190 Bq/L,不同年度、不同水源地、不同水源地类型的总α和总β放射性水平间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同水期的总α、总β放射性水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),总α和总β放射性对各年龄段居民的总致癌风险均低于WHO和ICRP发布的最严格控制限值。该次调查显示,四川省21个地级市(州)饮用水源地的总α和总β放射性处于安全水平,各年龄组的健康风险都是处于可接受的范围内。     

水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性水平及其与残渣含量的关系

本文报道了新疆地区37个不同水源水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性比活度和残渣含量的调查结果.结果表明,水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性比活度和残渣含量的算术均值和标准偏差分别为0.84±0.74,0.48±0.37, 0.24±0.16(Bg/L)和1.27±0.72(g/L).水中总α放射性主要是天然铀系核素贡献.水中总α、总β和~(238)U放射性水平与残渣含量呈直线正相关,且可用通式y=a+bx描述.     

云南水环境放射性水平监测结果分析

根据2013—2020年云南省河流、湖泊、饮用水和地下水省控点、国控点的水中放射性水平监测结果,分析了水中总α、总β、U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷Cs、⁹⁰Sr的监测浓度。结果表明:六大水系监测断面水中总α、总β均小于0.5、1.0 Bq/L;九大高原湖泊水中放射性水平相对较高的是Ⅴ类水体杞麓湖、异龙湖,放射性水平相对较低的是Ⅰ类水体抚仙湖、泸沽湖,滇池内海水中U、Th浓度优于滇池外海;饮用水源地水中放射性总α、总β均显著低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)规定限值。     

HPLC-FLD测定水中联苯胺的方法研究

探讨了利用液相色谱分离,荧光检测器测定地表水中联苯胺的可行性。前处理方法对比验证了液液萃取法和固相萃取法。水样在碱性条件下(pH=11~12)进行提取,当提取体积为1.0 L时,液液萃取液相色谱荧光法检测,方法检出限为1.4 ng/L,定量下限为5.5 ng/L;固相萃取液相色谱荧光法检测,方法检出限为0.9 ng/L,定量下限为3.6 ng/L。分别对地表水、生活废水、工业废水3种不同水体进行基体加标试验,加标浓度为10.0、40.0、80.0 ng/L。结果显示,对于3种不同基体和不同加标浓度的水样,两种方法均有较好的准确性和重现性,方法回收率为80%~120%,相对标准偏差均小于20%,满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中对联苯胺的监测需求。     

胭脂红酸分光光度法测定废水中硼

用胭脂红酸分光光度法测定废水中的硼，着重进行了方法的条件和干扰试验。方法检测限为0.063mg/L，线性范围为0.21mg/L-1.25mg/L。5个实验室对5.00mg/L硼标准样品测得重复性相对标准差为3．4％，再次性相对标准差为3．6％；相对误差为－0．8％－1．4％，回收率在95．2％－104．6％之间。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...