山东省主要农产品中放射性核素浓度及其浓集特性

本文介绍了用Ge(Li)γ谱测定山东省13种农产品及其相应土壤中~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(232)Th,~(40)K和~(137)Cs放射性植素的含量,分别计算了浓积系数,结果表明,有些农作物对某些核素具有特殊的浓积作用     

太湖流域稀土企业放射性废水污染调查

为治理太湖流域稀土加工过程中产生的放射性废水环境污染,对比分析了太湖流域2家典型稀土企业2005年-2009年的废水和底泥的总α、总β和238U、232Th、226Ra、40K,评价放射性污染对环境的影响程度,为消除放射性废水环境污染危害提供客观依据和方法建议.     

新疆土壤的天然放射性核素水平

本文报道了按网格布点,在新疆广大领域采得在海拨-154～5000米地表0～20cm深的土壤样品731个,用S-85多道γ谱仪测定了土壤中天然放射性核素含量水平。结果表明,全疆土壤中铀-238、钍-232、镭-226和钾-40的含量均值分别为33.88、38.47、31.64和612.60(Bq·Kg~(-1)),面积加权均值分别为33.77、38.96、31.41和597.63(Bq·Kg~(-1)),广大领域土壤中天然放射性核素含量属正常本底水平,也存在局部区域明显较高的问题,新疆土壤中钍-232及子体、镭-226及子体和钾-40所致距地面1米高处的空气吸收剂量率分别为2.32、1.23和2.41(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)),其贡献分别占39％、21％和40％,合计为5.96×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1),与外照射测量的按网络、人口加权和面积加权均值5.81、5.76和5.94(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)),仅分别相差2.5％、3.4％和0.3％。新疆土壤中铀镭的放射性总量是平衡的,但铀镭放射性的不平衡是广泛存在的。     

云南水环境放射性水平监测结果分析

根据2013—2020年云南省河流、湖泊、饮用水和地下水省控点、国控点的水中放射性水平监测结果,分析了水中总α、总β、U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷Cs、⁹⁰Sr的监测浓度。结果表明:六大水系监测断面水中总α、总β均小于0.5、1.0 Bq/L;九大高原湖泊水中放射性水平相对较高的是Ⅴ类水体杞麓湖、异龙湖,放射性水平相对较低的是Ⅰ类水体抚仙湖、泸沽湖,滇池内海水中U、Th浓度优于滇池外海;饮用水源地水中放射性总α、总β均显著低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)规定限值。     

成都市土壤天然放射性核素的外照射水平估算研究

利用IED22000A便携式微机多道能谱仪对成都市区土壤的天然放射性核素进行了直接就地测量，估算出天然环境放射性核素^238U、^232Th、^40K的比活度范围分别为10.37～77．19Bq／kg、17，85～225．74Bq／kg、284．83～892．67Bq／kg；外照射指数范围为0．16—0．8；离地面1m高的空气吸收剂量率均值为83．23nGy／h；1外照射年有效剂量当量为0．34～0．70mSv；等效镭浓度的变化范围是59．06-386．45Bq／kg，均值为164．15Bq／kg。各项指标均在容许范围之内，因而成都市属于外照射水平的安全区域，人居环境不受影响。     

连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中放射性核素含量水平

采用高纯锗γ谱仪测量连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中7种放射性核素含量水平,分析其粒度特征和放射性核素分布特征,并与我国其他海域作对比。结果表明,该海域以细颗粒沉积物为主,以悬移质泥沙搬运为主要沉积模式;沉积物中~(210)Pb、~(238)U、~(228)Ra、~(40)K、~(226)Ra、~(228)Th、~(137)Cs的测定均值分别为50.89 Bq/kg、39.98 Bq/kg、46.70 Bq/kg、898.72 Bq/kg、25.20 Bq/kg、51.65 Bq/kg、2.01 Bq/kg,虽然比活度变化较大,但总体处于一个水平;每个采样点位各核素出现的极大值有所不同,与离岸距离无明显关系;铀系、钍系衰变系列核素的放射性均呈现出一定的衰变不平衡性;沉积物中~(40)K含量明显高于我国其他海域,~(137)Cs含量明显低于渤海湾,总体高于其他南部海域,与以往研究结论基本一致。     

新疆食品中天然放射性核素水平及所致居民剂量

本文报道了新疆十一类 (21种)食品中U、Th、~(226)Ra和~(40)K的浓度.所得结果均属正常水平,且与国内有关报道较为一致.通过估算得出了新疆居民四种核素(~(238)U、~(234)U、~(232)T h和~(226)Ra)的年总摄入量为65.6Bq,所致总待积有效剂量当量为14.0μSv.     

2007—2015年长江流域四川段主要江河放射性水平分析

对2007—2015年长江流域四川段主要12条江河水体放射性核素活度浓度的监测结果进行了分析。结果表明，四川段主要江河放射性核素水平远低于我国规定的露天水源的限制浓度。与1995年中国环境天然放射性（四川省部分）、1988年长江水系天然放射性活度浓度参考范围相比，U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷C_s均有上升趋势，其他核素活度浓度涨落不明显均在本底范围内。总 α、总 β放射性活度浓度测值均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2006）的限值要求。     

苏州大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度异常“倒挂”现象的成因及影响分析

为深入研究PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度异常“倒挂”现象的成因及影响，在苏州市相城区国控点开展比对监测分析，回顾性分析了2016—2020年苏州全部国控点颗粒物浓度数据。苏州市相城区国控点PM_2.5浓度的比对分析结果表明：该国控点频繁出现PM_2.5浓度高于其他国控点PM_2.5浓度和高于该站点PM₁₀浓度(“倒挂”率高达34%)的“双高”现象，PM_2.5平均浓度比其他9个国控点高12.5%～37.2%,比位于同一站点的备用监测仪器(“倒挂”率为0)高38.1%。2016—2020年，苏州全部国控点“倒挂”时间的总体趋势都是逐年递增，且集中发生在相对湿度较高的20:00至次日07:00。这5年间各国控点PM_2.5浓度异常偏高导致的异常“倒挂”现象对全市年均浓度产生的正误差分别为1.6%、2.8%、6.0%、6.2%和4.1%,基本呈现出逐年递增的趋势。上述结果表明：苏州PM_2.5浓度偏高是由动态加...     

15年实测氮沉降下竹仙洞小流域土壤酸化研究

以2000—2015年珠海竹仙洞水库小流域湿地松林、台湾相思林和灌木丛为样本，对其土壤属性指标进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明，经过15年自然演替，3个群落的土壤可交换酸度呈下降趋势，其中台湾相思林和灌木丛酸度降低达到显著或极显著水平，受Al³⁺含量影响较大；3个群落的可交换Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺在两种土层均有不同程度的显著下降，而可交换Ca²⁺的变化仅在台湾相思林中显著；总氮、总碳含量均呈上升趋势。主成分分析显示，台湾相思林的生物量丰富、土壤腐殖质多，固氮作用强，故对氮沉降的酸缓冲能力更强。     

Distribution of radionuclides in surface soils, Singhbhum Shear Zone, India and associated dose

Gamma emitters were estimated in surface soils from a mineralized zone in Eastern India using high purity Germanium detector-based high resolution gamma spectrometry system. Activities of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U, ²²⁷Th, ^234mPa, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs were 79?±?50, 81?±?53, 65?±?23, 4?±?2, 5?±?4, 92?±?50, 97?±?45, 517?±?201, and 4?±?2 Bq/kg, respectively. Most radionuclides were observed to follow log-normal distribution. The correlation between physicochemical properties of the samples, like pH, organic matter content, particle size, and moisture content were also studied. Activity ratios of ²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U, ²¹⁰Pb/²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁷Th/²³⁵U indicated deviation from secular equilibrium in some samples. The associated annual effective dose ranged from 0.07 to 0.24 mSv and the mean was calculated to be 0.12?±?0.04 mSv for this region, indicating it to be one of normal natural background radiation.     

Assessment of environmental radioactivity for Batman, Turkey

The province of Batman, located in southern Anatolia, has a population of approximately 500,000. To our knowledge, there exists no information regarding the environmental radioactivity in this province. Therefore, gamma activity measurements in soil, building materials and water samples and an indoor radon survey have been carried out in the Batman province. The mean activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) and a fission product (¹³⁷Cs) were 35 ± 8, 25 ± 10, 274 ± 167 and 12 ± 7 Bq kg^???1, respectively, in the soil samples. The concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in the selected building materials ranged from 18 to 48 Bq kg^???1, 8 to 49 Bq kg^???1 and 68 to 477 Bq kg^???1, respectively. All the calculated radium equivalent (Ra_eq) activity values of the building material samples are lower than the limit of 370 Bq kg^???1, equivalent to a γ-dose of 1.5 mSv year^???1. The activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in tap waters collected from the study area were determined with mean specific activity concentrations of 42 ± 15, 35 ± 9 and 524 ± 190 mBq L^???1, respectively. Indoor radon measurements were made at 95 dwellings in Batman using a CR-39 detector. The radon concentration levels were found to vary from 23 to 145 Bq m^???3. The arithmetic mean of the measured radon concentration levels was found to be 84 Bq m^???3 with a standard deviation value of 23 Bq m^???3. The measurement results obtained in this study did not significantly differ from those taken in other parts of the country. The data generated in this study can be used to determine whether the Batman province is in a normal or high background radiation area and provides a valuable database for future estimations of the impact of radioactive pollution.     

Measurement of soil radioactivity levels and radiation hazard assessment in southern Rechna interfluvial region, Pakistan

Rechna interfluvial region is one of the main regions of Punjab, Pakistan. It is the area which is lying between River Ravi and River Chenab, alluvial-filled. Radioactivity levels in soil samples, collected from southern Rechna interfluvial region, Pakistan, have been estimated by using gamma-ray spectrometric technique. ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, the primordial radionuclide ⁴⁰K, and the artificial radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs have been measured in the soil of the study area. The mean radioactivity levels of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs were found to be 50.6 ± 1.7, 62.3 ± 3.2, 662.2 ± 32.1, and 3.1 ± 0.3 Bq kg^???1, respectively. The mean radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq), outdoor radiation hazard index (H _out), indoor radiation hazard index (H _in), and terrestrial absorbed dose rate for the area under study were determined as 190.8 ± 8.7 Bq kg^???1, 0.52, 0.65, and 69.8 nGy h^???1, respectively. The annual effective dose to the general public was found to be 0.43 mSv. This value lies well below the limit of 1 mSv for general public as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The measured values are comparable with other global radioactivity measurements and are found to be safe for the public and the environment.     

Assessment of public exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials from mining and mineral processing activities of Tarkwa Goldmine in Ghana

Studies have been carried out in a Goldmine in Ghana to determine the exposure of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials from processing of gold ore. Direct gamma spectrometry and neutron activation analysis techniques were used to analyse soil, rock, water and dust samples from the mining environment. The mean activity concentrations measured for (238)U, (232)Th and (40)K in the soil/rock samples were 15.2, 26.9 and 157.1 Bq kg(?-?1), respectively. For the water samples, the mean activity concentrations were 0.54 and 0.41 Bq l(?-?1)) and 7.76 Bq l(?-?1) for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K, respectively. The mean activity concentrations measured in the dust samples were 4.90 and 2.75 μBq m(?-?3) for (238)U and (232)Th, respectively. The total annual effective dose to the public was estimated to be 0.69 mSv. The results in this study compared well with typical world average values. The results indicate an insignificant exposure of the public from the activities of the Goldmine.     

Distribution of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the marine environment of the Burullus Lake: II. Bottom sediments

The sediment compartment has the ability to trap large amounts of radionuclides and to indicate the radiological impact of pollution. The present work shows the results obtained related to the concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs and natural radionuclides in sediment in the Burullus Lake, Egypt. The average values of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in the bottom sediments collected from the east of the Burullus Lake ranged from 10.3 to 21.8 Bq/kg, from 11.9 to 34.4 Bq/kg, and from 268 to 401 Bq/kg, respectively. The study has shown that ⁴⁰K concentration is nearly uniform throughout the studied area while ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th are more concentrated in the northeastern shore. Lake sediments showed contamination with ¹³⁷Cs (2.7–15.9 Bq/kg). The ¹³⁷Cs sediment activities indicated higher concentrations in the off-shore sites. Concentrations of all γ -ray emitting radionuclides except ⁴⁰K in water samples were below the detection limits. The ⁴⁰K sediment–water distribution coefficients of the near-shore samples were higher than the off-shore samples.     

Edaphic factors affecting the vertical distribution of radionuclides in the different soil types of Belgrade, Serbia

The specific activities of natural radionuclides ((40)K, (226)Ra and (232)Th) and Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs were measured in soil profiles representing typical soil types of Belgrade (Serbia): chernozems, fluvisols, humic gleysols, eutric cambisols, vertisols and gleyic fluvisols. The influence of soil properties and content of stable elements on radionuclide distribution down the soil profiles (at 5 cm intervals up to 50 cm depth) was analysed. Correlation analysis identified associations of (40)K, (226)Ra and (137)Cs with fine-grained soil fractions. Significant positive correlations were found between (137)Cs specific activity and both organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and specific electrical conductivity were also positively correlated with the specific activity of (137)Cs. The strong positive correlations between (226)Ra and (232)Th specific activities and Fe and Mn indicate an association with oxides of these elements in soil. The correlations observed between (40)K and Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn and also between (137)Cs and Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn could be attributed to their common affinity for clay minerals. These results provide insight into the main factors that affect radionuclide migration in the soil, which contributes to knowledge about radionuclide behaviour in the environment and factors governing their mobility within terrestrial ecosystems.     

Natural radioactivity and chemical concentrations in Egyptian groundwater

Measurements of natural radioactivity in drinking water have been performed in many parts of the world, mostly for assessment of the doses and risk resulting from consuming water. A study of the radionuclide and chemical components in groundwater from Beni Suef Governate, Egypt has been carried out. Fifty water samples were analyzed by gamma ray spectroscopy to determine the ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K concentrations; major elements, pH, alkalinity, and conductivity were also measured. The specific activity values ranged from 0.008 to 0.040 Bq/l for ²²⁶Ra, from 0.003 to 0.019 Bq/l for ²³²Th, and from 0.025 to 0.344 Bq/l for ⁴⁰K. The annual ingestions of these radionuclides, using local consumption rates (average over the whole population) of 1.5 l day^???1, were estimated to be 8.59, 4.86, and 83.47 Bq year^???1 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, respectively. The estimated values and weighted means of these radionuclides compare well with the world average. The estimated effective doses from drinking water were found to be 2.4 ??Sv year^???1 (²²⁶Ra), 1.1 ??Sv year^???1 (²³²Th), and 0.51 ??Sv year^???1 (⁴⁰K). Contribution of these radionuclides to the committed effective dose from 1 year consumption of drinking water is estimated to be only 4%.     

Study on transfers of uranium, thorium and decay products from grain, water and soil to chicken meat and egg contents

Activity concentrations of the uranium and thorium series radionuclides were determined in chicken meat and eggs as well as in soil, water and other dietary intakes of poultry at five sites of the French territory. These data allow the calculation of transfer coefficients which enrich the database given by the technical report series no. 472 of the IAEA. In egg contents, the highest activity concentrations (in mBq kg(-1) fresh weight) are for (226)Ra, ranging between 136 and 190 and are much lower for uranium (between 0.51 and 1.30 for (238)U). In chicken meat, (238)U activity concentration is higher than in egg contents and ranges between 1.7 and 9.7. Concerning (232)Th, its activity concentration is lower than uranium and ranges between 0.5 and 4.9. Daily ingested activity concentration by the animals was assessed taking into account the activity concentrations measured in the grains, in the soil and in the drinking water. The activity concentration in grains and the daily intakes allow the calculation of concentration ratios and transfer coefficients for chicken meat and egg contents. In chicken meat the transfer coefficients (d kg(-1)) range between 0.0018 and 0.0073 for (238)U and between 0.0008 and 0.0028 for (232)Th. In egg contents they range from 0.00018 to 0.0018 for (238)U and are much higher for radium isotopes (0.10-0.23 for (226)Ra and 0.07-0.11 for (228)Ra).     

Radiological study of exposure levels in El Maghara underground coal mine

Coal is largely composed of organic matter, but it is the inorganic matter in coal minerals and trace elements that have been cited as possible causes of health, environmental and technological problems associated with the use of coal. Some trace elements in coal are naturally radioactive. These radioactive elements include uranium (U), thorium (Th) and their numerous decay products, including radium (Ra) and radon (Rn). Although these elements are less chemically toxic than other coal constituents, such as arsenic, selenium or mercury, questions have been raised concerning the possible risk from radiation. In order to accurately address these questions and to predict the mobility of radioactive elements during the coal fuel cycle, it is important to determine the specific activity, distribution and form of radioactive elements in coal. The assessment of the radiation exposure from coal burning is critically dependent on the specific activity of radioactive elements in coal and in the fly ash that remains after combustion. The El-Maghara coal mine is the only producing coal mine in Egypt. It is located in the middle of the Sinai desert about 250 km north-east of Cairo, where a coal-fired power plant is intended to be built. In this study, a pre-operational radiological baseline of the site and the occupational radiation exposures due to radon progeny in the mine were determined. The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil and coal dust samples collected along the main gallery ranges were found to be 6-22.9, 9.6-47.3 and 77-489 Bq kg-1, respectively. Soil samples collected around the mine showed concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the ranges 2.7-20.2, 3.2-12.6 and 14.6-201 Bq kg-1, respectively. All of the mean values of radon progeny were lower than the action levels for working places recommended in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 65.