天水市大气SO2浓度时空变化特征的卫星遥感监测与影响分析

大气卫星遥感监测作为一种新型监测手段,具有范围广、速度快、成本低等优势,对环境应急保护及其预警都具有非常重要的意义。选取天水市2006—2013年各年12月每日OMI level-2数据产品,利用Aura卫星技术和Arc GIS等技术平台,对天水市大气中SO_2的时空分布规律和污染原因进行了分析研究。结果表明:2006—2013年天水市SO_2柱浓度及其总量呈现出明显增加的趋势,但在2008年有小幅降低;在2008年以前,天水市SO_2浓度呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的趋势,但自2009年后污染重心发生迁移并且出现了数个集中化的SO_2高值区;研究区SO_2垂直柱浓度有自然因素、人类活动等多方面的复合影响,其中能源消耗及机动车尾气排放是主要影响因素。研究进一步讨论了遥感数据产品的应用前景。     

仪器法测定大气中的SO2,NOx

目前关于大气中的SO_2、NO_x的测定方法有三种:化学法、自动监测、24小时连续采样,三种方法各有利弊.本方法采用高聚物铝复合膜软气袋采样,用自动监测系统中的在线紫外荧光SO_2仪和化学发光NO_x仪进行单个样品分析.具有操作简便、方法灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强,采样无需动力及自动化程度高等特点.适用于化工、冶金、石油、环境等气态中SO_2、NO/NO_2/NO_x的监测、评价及规划.     

钢铁企业烧结工段SO_2监测的主要影响因素及解决方案

针对钢铁企业烧结工段烟气的特点,对可能影响碘量法、定电位电解法SO_2监测结果的因素进行分析,并提出相应的对策。研究表明:定电位电解法受CO干扰较大,根据数学模型修正后,可进行SO_2浓度的快速估算;碘量法受吸收液温度、分析时间等因素影响较大,需要现场监测人员和分析人员严格控制采样和分析条件。     

小型烟道烟气采样系统的设计和采样

一、基本情况 如图1所示,反应在500升反应釜(1)中进行。反应过程中不断产生SO_2气体,在装置的尾部用真空泵(3)抽气,SO_2经两只串联的尾气净化瓶(2)吸收后排出。反应釜排气管直径为3/4时,各装置间用橡胶管连接。若需对净化瓶前后的SO_2进行监测时,按统一     

大气污染物实测浓度值与空气质量真实值偏离程度的研究

许多城市的大气污染物实测值(以SO_2为例)都说明SO_2浓度分布不是正态分布。那么用各个样本值的算术平均值来反映整体的平均趋势就是不适宜的。笔者研究了青岛市大气自动监测系统获取的SO_2浓度值分布状态,由理论计算,得出算术均值偏离真实值的程度。并以此,对目前代表污染状况的算术均值,提出修正意见。     

微粒尘干扰盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法测定SO2

监测大气中SO_2浓度,普遍采用四氯汞钾吸收液-盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法,我们发现该法在实际测定过程中存在尘的干扰问题。这里采用在采样过程中硫酸预吸收来消除干扰的方法,并用SO_2标准气体同步测定检验。现将其有关实验方法和结果公布如下:     

盐城市秋冬季节PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

于2019年10月—2020年2月在盐城市开展大气PM_(2.5)离线监测,对PM_(2.5)的浓度变化、质量平衡、组分及来源进行了分析。结果表明,监测期间盐城市ρ(PM_(2.5))月均值为43.32～62.59μg/m~3,其中1月最高;监测期间ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值为54.25μg/m~3,质量重建后该值为52.38μg/m~3,与实测值的相关性达到0.98; PM_(2.5)占比最多的成分是硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐(SNA); m(NO_3~-)/m(SO_4~(2-))的平均值为2.16,说明监测期间盐城市机动车相比固定源对NO_2和SO_2有更高的贡献;通过主成分因子分析,可知盐城市秋、冬季节PM_(2.5)主要来源于土壤和扬尘源、燃烧源以及二次无机源。     

克拉玛依市空气质量特征分析

为研究克拉玛依市空气质量特征,对2015年克拉玛依市空气自动站监测数据进行分析。结果表明,克拉玛依市空气质量整体较为清洁,优良天数占有效监测天数的91.5%,PM_(2.5)平均浓度为31μg/m~3,PM_(10)平均浓度为64μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)在PM_(10)中占比近半;SO_2和NO_2浓度相对不高,NO_2/SO_2比值为2.4,流动源问题相对突出;对各项污染物的综合指数分担率分析发现,克拉玛依市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为综合指数分担率最高的因子,不足四分之一,O_3排第三位,超过五分之一,SO_2最低,仅为3.6%。     

烟气SO2和NOx自动分析仪与常规监测方法比较

通过实验室内和工业烟道上的对比实验,研究比较了从日美引进的烟气中SO_2和NO_K自动分析仪与国内常规的监测方法的差异.     

全国环境保护监测处、站长会议召开

全国环境保护监测处、站长会议于1991年3月16日-18日在山东潍坊召开。 这次会议是一次进一步贯彻落实全国第四次监测工作会议及1991年全国环保厅、局长会议精神的务实会议,是调动全国各级监测站,团结一致完成1991年监测任务的动员会。会议布置了今年的五项任务。     

Abundance and sources of hydrophilic and hydrophobic water-soluble organic carbon at an urban site in Korea in summer

In this study, the characteristics of total water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and isolated WSOC fractions were examined to gain a better understanding of the pathway of organic aerosol production. 24 h PM(2.5) samples were collected during the summer (July 28-August 28, 2009) at an urban site in Korea. A glass column filled with XAD7HP resin was used to separate the filtered extracts into hydrophilic (WSOC(HPI)) and hydrophobic (WSOC(HPO)) fractions. The origins of air mass pathways arriving at the sampling site were mostly classified into three types, those originating over the East Sea of Korea that passed over the eastern inland urban and industrial regions (type I); those from the marine (western/southwestern/southern marine) and passed over the national industrial complex regions (type II); and those from northeastern China that passed through North Korea and metropolitan areas of South Korea (type III). Measurements showed an increase in the average WSOC fraction of total OC from the type II to III air mass (53 to 64%) periods. Also, higher SO(4)(2-)/SO(x) (=SO(2) + SO(4)(2-)) was observed in the type III air mass (0.70) than those in the types I (0.49) and II (0.43). According to the average values of WSOC/OC and SO(4)(2-)/SO(x), measurements suggest that the aerosols collected during the type III air mass period were more aged or photo-chemically processed than those during the types I and II air mass periods. The relationship between the SO(4)(2-)/SO(x) and WSOC/OC (R(2) = 0.64) suggests that a significant fraction of the observed WSOC at the site could be formed by an oxidation process similar to SO(4)(2-) aerosols, probably the oxidation process using OH radicals, or in-cloud processing. The photochemical production of WSOC(HPO) was also observed to significantly contribute to the total OC.     

Long-term relationships between SO2 and NOx emissions and SO4(2-) and NO3- concentration in bulk deposition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH

A highly significant second-order polynomial relation between SO(2) emissions and SO(4)(2-) concentrations during 1970-2000 (r(2)= 0.80, p= <0.001), and a linear relation between NO(x) and NO(3)(-) concentrations during 1991-2000 (r(2)= 0.67, p= 0.004) in bulk precipitation were found for the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH based on emissions from a 24 h, back-trajectory determined source area. Earlier periods (1965-1980) for SO(2)ratio SO(4)(2-) and longer periods (1965-2000) for NO(x)ratio NO(3)(-) had poorer linear relations, r(2)= 0.03, p= 0.51 and r(2)= 0.22, p= 0.004, respectively. Methodology by the US Environmental Protection Agency for calculating emissions data during this period has changed significantly and frequently, making trend analysis difficult. Given the large potential for errors in estimating emissions and to a lesser extent, deposition, the robust relations between SO(2) emissions and SO(4)(2-) concentrations in bulk precipitation at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest show that careful, long-term measurements from a single monitoring site can provide sound and reasonable data on trends in air pollution.     

北京市大气颗粒物的浓度水平和离子物种的化学形态

用离子色谱法测定了 1 998年 1 1月至 1 999年 2月期间的 2 4个总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)样品中 NH+ 4、NO- 3、SO2 - 4和Na+ 质量浓度。研究结果表明 ,北京市冬季大气颗粒物中离子物种的化学形态可以分为三种情况 :污染严重时 ,离子物种以 H2 SO4 、NH4 HSO4 、Na NO3为主要存在形态 ,气溶胶酸性强 ;污染轻时 ,离子物种以 (NH4 ) 2 SO4 、Na NO3为主要存在形态 ,气溶胶呈弱酸性 ;中等污染时 ,离子物种以 (NH4 ) 2 SO4 、NH4 HSO4 、Na NO3几种化学形态存在 ,气溶胶呈中等酸性     

Development of a personal monitoring method for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide with Sep-Pak C18 cartridge sampling and ion chromatographic determination

Personal monitoring methods for the determination of hourly integrated concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in ambient air have been developed. Triethanolamine (TEA)-impregnated C18 Sep-Pak cartridges were used to collect NO2 and SO2 simultaneously. After sampling, NO2 and SO2 as their nitrite, nitrate, sulfite and sulfate analogues were stripped from the cartridges with a solution of 5% methanol in distilled, deionized water (DDW) and then determined by ion chromatography. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the sampling rate, collection and recovery efficiencies, breakthrough volumes, absorption capacity, interference and sample stability on the cartridge during storage. NO2 and SO2 detection limits of 0.3 and 0.4 ppb respectively for 1 h samples were obtained. Recoveries for both NO2 and SO2 exceeded 85%.     

Atmospheric aerosol concentration level and chemical characteristics of water-soluble ionic species in wintertime in Beijing,China

Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected during wintertime from November 24, 1998 to February 12, 1999 in Beijing. Ionic species including Cl-, NO3(-), SO4(2-), Na+, NH4(+), K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were determined by Ion Chromatography (IC). The sum average concentration of all the determined ions accounted for 18.9% of the TSP concentration, and SO4(2-) appeared the dominant ion with an average concentration of 30.84 microg m(-3); the sum mass concentration of SO4(2-), NO3(-), Ca2+ and NH4(+) accounted for about 83.2% of all the eight ions measured. The study indicated that the chemical form of sulfate and ammonium varies with TSP concentration levels. During heavy pollution periods, the average TSP concentration was 0.66 mg m(-3), and the NH4(+)/SO4(2-) molar ratio was low (0.58). It indicated that sulfate may present as CaSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 x CaSO4 x 2H2O. When TSP concentration (average 0.186 mg m(-3)) was relatively low, the NH4(+)/SO4(2-) molar ratio was 1.94, close to the theoretical ratio of 2 of (NH4)2SO4. Under this condition (NH4)2SO4 is expected to exist as the major form of sulfate. When the TSP concentration level was medium (average 0.35 mg m(-3)), the NH4+/SO4(2-) molar ratio appeared an average value (1.27), (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2SO4 x CaSO4 x 2H2O and CaSO4 are expected to be present in those aerosol particles. Meteorological conditions including wind speed and wind direction were related to the TSP concentration level.     

Short-term variation in air quality associated with firework events: a case study

The effect of fireworks on air quality was assessed from the ambient concentrations of various air pollutants (SO2, NO2, PM10 and TSP) during Diwali festival in Hisar city (India), in November 1999. The extensive use of fireworks was found to be related to short-term variation in air quality. During the festival the concentration of SO2 was observed to be increased approximately 10-fold at few sites, whereas the concentrations of NO2, PM10 and TSP increased 2-3 times, compared to the data collected on a typical winter day in December 1999. The maximum NO2 concentration was observed a day after the festival. The diurnal pattern of the above pollutants showed a slight increase in the night. The levels of these pollutants observed during Diwali were found to be moderately high, which can be associated with serious health impacts.     

不同模式版本对长三角区域大气污染物模拟结果对比评估

选取2015年1、4、7、10月(分别代表冬、春、夏、秋4季),应用CMAQv4.7.1和CMAQv5.1模式模拟长三角区域的空气质量,对比了NO2、SO2、O3、PM2.54个常规污染物的模拟结果,表明CMAQv5.1对NO2、SO2和PM2.5的模拟效果优于CMAQv4.7.1,而CMAQv4.7.1的O3模拟效果优于CMAQv5.1;CMAQv5.1的NO2模拟值更接近地面观测值,比起不同版本的化学机制对NO2模拟效果的影响,NO2的模拟偏差受排放高估的影响更大;2个版本SO2的模拟值差距较小,且都与地面观测值之间差异较小;CMAQv5.1 PM2.5的模拟值比CMAQv4.7.1更接近观测值,气溶胶模块机制的更新(例如新增细分的PM2.5模式物种和部分二次有机气溶胶生成机制的改进等)对PM2.5模拟效果的改善显著;CMAQv5.1的O3模拟值比CMAQv4.7.1高,CMAQv5.1的O3模拟值在O3观测值的高值时段更接近观测值,而CMAQv4.7.1的O3模拟值在低值时段更接近观测值,CMAQv5.1在日最大8小时平均(MDA8)O3观测浓度超标日的O3模拟效果相比CMAQv4.7.1有一定程度的改善,但在非超标日模拟效果变差,CMAQv5.1的O3模拟效果总体相比CMAQv4.7.1并未得到有效提升。提出,未来针对低值时段和低值区域的O3模拟机制的改进将进一步提升O3模拟效果。     

石家庄市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子污染特征研究

用超声萃取－离子色谱法分析了石家庄市大气颗粒物中8种水溶性无机离子。结果表明，NO3－、SO2－4、NH4＋及 Ca2＋为主要组分；各个离子的质量浓度均有季节及空间变化差异；不同粒径颗粒物中 SO2－4和 NO3－相关性均很好，NH4＋与 SO2－4、NO3－在细颗粒物中具有良好的相关性，Ca2＋在粗粒子中与 NO3－和 SO2－4的相关性也较好。SO2－4／NO3－质量比季节变化表明，春、夏季固定源与流动源对大气颗粒物贡献相当，秋季流动源贡献较大，冬季固定源贡献较大。PM2．5中SO2与SO2－4、NO2与 NO3－转化率表明，SO2－4、NO3－主要是由二次转化而来。     

Study on Size Distribution of Total Aerosol and Water-Soluble Ions During an Asian Dust Storm Event at Jeju Island, Korea

Soil dust particles transported from loess regions of the Asian continent, called Asian dust, highly influences the air quality of north-eastern Asia and the northern Pacific Ocean. In order to investigate the effects of these dust storms on the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles with different size, measurements of size distributions of total aerosol and major ion species were carried out on Jeju Island, Korea during April 2001. Juju Island was chosen for the study because the levels of emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants are very low. A 5-stage cascade impactor was used to sample size-fractionated aerosol particles. Samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ions using Dionex DX-120 ion chromatograph. The average mass concentration of total aerosol was found to be 24.4 and 108.3 microg m(-3) for non-Asian dust and Asian dust periods, respectively. The total aerosol size distribution, measured during the non-Asian dust period, was bimodal, whereas the coarse particles dominated the size distribution of total aerosol during the Asian dust period. It was found that SO4(2-), NH4+ and K+ were mainly distributed in fine particles, while Cl-, NO3-, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were in coarse particles. Although SO4(2-) was mainly distributed in fine particles, during the Asian dust period, the concentrations in coarse particles were significantly increased. This indicates heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on wet surfaces of basic soil dust particles. The NH4+ was found to exist as (NH4)2SO4 in fine particles, with a molar ratio of NH4+ to SO4(2-) of 2.37 and 1.52 for non-Asian dust and Asian dust periods, respectively. Taking into account the proximity of the sampling site to the sea, and the observed chloride depletion, coarse mode nitrate, during the non-Asian dust period, is assumed to originate from the reaction of nitric acid with sodium chloride on the surfaces of sea-salt particles although the chloride depletion was not shown to be large enough to prove this assumption. During the Asian dust period, however, chloride depletion was much smaller, indicating coarse nitrate particles were mainly produced by the reaction of nitric acid with surfaces of basic soil particles. Most chloride and sodium components were shown to originate from sea-salt particles. Asian dust aerosols, arriving at Jeju Island, contained considerable amounts of sea-salt particles as they passed over the Yellow Sea. Ca2+ was shown to be the most abundant species in Asian dust particles.     

浙江省环保重点城市SO 2 排放的控制模式

通过分析城市SO2 地面浓度来源 ,运用高、中、低架源对地面污染物浓度贡献的理论及高斯烟羽模式推出SO2空气质量管理模式 ,确定了城市SO2 地面环境质量的控制目标。