环境实验室

本译文介绍美国某环境实验室的机构设立、人员组成及其主要研究方向.其研究内容包括:环境资源、环境系统、环境工程、生态和生态模拟、水生植物控制、挖掘操作技术、基础规划、环境及水质管理、环境改造计划、分析实验室等研究.译者希望该译文能有助于我国环境科学工作者全面和深入了解环境实验室的情况,本篇介绍环境资源及环境系统的研究,为节省篇幅省略了文中部分插图.     

IMC染色剂的使用对水环境质量影响的安全性评估

依据美国环境保护局工业环境实验室提出的多介质环境目标值(MEG)及其综合排放指数,对IMC-401染色剂在使用过程中一旦泄漏或排放,可能对水环境质量、人体健康和生态系统产生的影响进行了安全性评估。     

美国环境监测技术考察情况介绍

中国环境监测技术考察团受国家环保局所派,于一九八六年八月三十日至九月十五日考察了美国的环境监测工作,引起了美国环保局及环境监测系统的重视,受到美国环保界科技人员,美籍华人和我国留美学者的热情接待,并得到了我国驻美使馆的热情指导和关照。 此次考察,以美国环境监测质量保证技术、标准参考物质的研制和传输、环境监测网络配置及监测管理为重点,分别考察了美国国家环保局、研究三角公园大气科学研究实验室和环境监测系统实验室、辛辛那提环境监测中心、拉斯维加斯环境监测中心、美国第九环保区环境监测实验室和美国标准局(NBS)标准物质生产部。在美国环保局的周到安排和有关方面的协助下,我们计划要看的都看到了,希望索取的资料大部分都获得了。     

浅谈授权签字人对环境监测数据报告的审核

根据计量认证和中国实验室国家认可工作中对授权签字人能力的考核以及通过认证／认可的实验室对授权签字人赋予的职责和权利,针对目前环境管理、环境执法以及社会公众对环境监测数据不断增长的需要,结合监测数据报告审核的体会,探讨了授权签字人在环境监测数据报告审核中应采取的审核程序与方法及重点关注的问题。     

环境监测专用仪器环境技术认证路线初探

通过分析环境监测仪器环境技术评估的含义和目标,对比加拿大、美国以及我国目前有关环境技术评估的相关技术路线,结合环境监测仪器技术检测工作实践,建立适合我国国情的环境监测仪器环境技术评估管理体系,评估程序和相关规章制度,提出相关建议。     

实验室性能评价界限的统计计算法

1.绪言 美国环境保护局(USEPA)实施水规程的有效性,在于美国环保局、州、地区政府、工厂、商业和其他非美国环保局的实验室提供的数据质量。在努力提高数据质量过程中,美国环保局指导了水分析实验室的性能评价协作研究,使数据符合特定的评价界限要求。目前,美国环保局辛辛那提环境监测支持实验室(EMSL)每年组织五种方式的协作研究。两项是饮用水实验室鉴定程序,两项是点源和非点源排放监测,一项为国家污染物排放规定(NPDES)许可的重点排放物。此外,还有超基金和固体废弃物放射性,以及包括合     

浅谈环境监测实验室设备管理

针对目前实验室认可和实验室资质认定评审中环境监测实验室普遍存在问题，提出正确实施仪器设备量值溯源、期间核查、维护，编写仪器设备使用维护规程，制定仪器设备的校准和／或检定（验证）、确认的总体要求，完善仪器设备档案管理，确保管理体系持续有效运行。     

美国环境有机污染物监测中的质量控制技术

美国的环境监测实验室分官方和非官方2类,官方的如环境保护署(EPA)的直属实验中心,其主要职能是开发、制定标准分析方法,推行质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)计划;非官方的如EPA的合同实验室和地区性实验室,主要接受EPA的合同项目和各种客户的委托项目。推行QA/QC是官方实验室的工作核心,而QA/QC实施得好坏则决定着非官方实验室的生存。现介绍美国环境有机污染物监测中有特色的质量控制技术。1　现场质控样现场质控样指示采样过程中的变化因素和引入的污染,主要包括现场空白、运输空白、现场平行样、考核样等。现场质控样随实际样品…     

江苏新锐环境监测有限公司

<正>公司简介江苏新锐环境监测有限公司成立于2012年9月,是一家具有独立法人资格的社会环境检测机构,公司原名为"张家港市格锐检测科技有限公司",2013年11月更名为"江苏新锐环境监测有限公司",从事第三方环境监测(检测)服务。自2012年9月以来,公司先后投资1000多万元建设环境监测(检测)实验室,实验室使用面积超过2000平方米。2015年1月9日江苏省环保厅颁发文件(苏环办2014年6号文)正式明确"新锐公司"为江苏省第一批通过能力认定的社会环境检测综合类机构。     

浅析实验室资质认定评审准则管理要求中的问题及对策

针对目前环境监测行业仍存在对实验室资质认定评审准则管理要求部分理解和认识上还存在有不全面、不合理的情况。本文对管理要求中普遍存在的确保检测数据公正性、预防和纠正措施的区别以及开展内部审核和管理评审的必要性等三个方面的问题进行讨论,并给出相应的对策和建议,对提升环境监测实验室管理水平与监测工作质量,出具科学、公正的检测报告提供了参考。     

基于线性回归的环境质量评价普适指数公式

阐述了利用遗传算法优化污染损害指数评价模型中参数时的优点和不足,提出采用普适质数公式对污染损害指数评价模型中参数进行线性优化时,可以大幅简化优化过程,便于实际应用.将适用于大气质量评价的普适指数公式与通过GA优化的评价结果进行比对,证实了该公式在线性优化中的可行性.     

Conceptualising and managing trade-offs in sustainability assessment

One of the defining characteristics of sustainability assessment as a form of impact assessment is that it provides a forum for the explicit consideration of the trade-offs that are inherent in complex decision-making processes. Few sustainability assessments have achieved this goal though, and none has considered trade-offs in a holistic fashion throughout the process. Recent contributions such as the Gibson trade-off rules have significantly progressed thinking in this area by suggesting appropriate acceptability criteria for evaluating substantive trade-offs arising from proposed development, as well as process rules for how evaluations of acceptability should occur. However, there has been negligible uptake of these rules in practice. Overall, we argue that there is inadequate consideration of trade-offs, both process and substantive, throughout the sustainability assessment process, and insufficient considerations of how process decisions and compromises influence substantive outcomes. This paper presents a framework for understanding and managing both process and substantive trade-offs within each step of a typical sustainability assessment process. The framework draws together previously published literature and offers case studies that illustrate aspects of the practical application of the framework. The framing and design of sustainability assessment are vitally important, as process compromises or trade-offs can have substantive consequences in terms of sustainability outcomes delivered, with the choice of alternatives considered being a particularly significant determinant of substantive outcomes. The demarcation of acceptable from unacceptable impacts is a key aspect of managing trade-offs. Offsets can be considered as a form of trade-off within a category of sustainability that are utilised to enhance preferred alternatives once conditions of impact acceptability have been met. In this way they may enable net gains to be delivered; another imperative for progress to sustainability. Understanding the nature and implications of trade-offs within sustainability assessment is essential to improving practice.     

Methodology for environmental assessment of proposed activity using risk analysis

This study applies a process of detailed assessment to summarize the potential impact of a proposed construction or other activity on the environment before implementation of an investment plan. The aim of the study was to develop a general methodology for analysis and evaluation of environmental issues connected with planned activities and proposed projects (especially buildings and engineering constructions, required implementation of environmental impact assessment process) using a risk analysis method, thus enabling the best option among the proposed activities to be chosen. The methodology was developed for conditions in Slovakia but could be arranged for any other country considering national conditions, requirements, standards and legislative. Application of the developed methodology in environmental impact assessment could create preconditions for more effective implementation of the EIA process. This paper provides a framework for the risk analysis component of the scoping phase within the EIA process. The process outlined in this paper will assist with determination of an estimation of risks to environmental and health of proposed activities.     

Life cycle assessment as an analytical tool in strategic environmental assessment. Lessons learned from a case study on municipal energy planning in Sweden

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is explored as an analytical tool in strategic environmental assessment (SEA), illustrated by case where a previously developed SEA process was applied to municipal energy planning in Sweden. The process integrated decision-making tools for scenario planning, public participation and environmental assessment. This article describes the use of LCA for environmental assessment in this context, with focus on methodology and practical experiences. While LCA provides a systematic framework for the environmental assessment and a wider systems perspective than what is required in SEA, LCA cannot address all aspects of environmental impact required, and therefore needs to be complemented by other tools. The integration of LCA with tools for public participation and scenario planning posed certain methodological challenges, but provided an innovative approach to designing the scope of the environmental assessment and defining and assessing alternatives.     

中国环境风险评价体系的完善:来自美国的经验和启示

分析总结了美国在比较风险评价研究、环境风险评价指南、环境风险评价过程中的不确定性分析和风险交流等方面的经验,并结合我国环境风险评价现状和存在问题,提出,开展比较风险评价研究,完善环境风险评价指南体系,减小环境风险评价的不确定性和建立有效可行的环境风险交流体系的建议,从而完善我国环境风险评价体系,提高环境风险评价结果的真实性和可靠性。     

Practitioners,professional cultures,and perceptions of impact assessment

The very nature of impact assessment (IA) means that it often involves practitioners from a very wide range of disciplinary and professional backgrounds, which open the possibility that how IA is perceived and practised may vary according to the professional background of the practitioner. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which a practitioner's professional background influences their perceptions of the adequacy of impact assessment in New Zealand under the Resource Management Act (RMA). Information gathered concerned professional affiliations, training, understanding of impact assessment practise, and perceptions of adequacy in relation to impact assessment.The results showed a dominance of a legalistic, operational perspective of impact assessment under the Resource Management Act, across all the main professions represented in the study. However, among preparers of impact assessments there was clear evidence of differences between the four main professional groups – surveyors, planners, engineers and natural scientists – in the way they see the nature and purpose of impact assessment, the practical steps involved, and what constitutes adequacy. Similarly, impact assessment reviewers – predominantly planners and lawyers – showed variations in their expectations of impact assessment depending on their respective professional affiliation.Although in many cases the differences seem to be more of a matter of emphasis, rather than major disputes on what constitutes a good process, even those differences can add up to rather distinct professional cultures of impact assessment. The following factors are seen as leading to the emergence of such professional cultures: different professions often contribute in different ways to an impact assessment, affecting their perception of the nature and purpose of the process; impact assessment training will usually be a secondary concern, compared with the core professional training, which will be reflected in the depth and length of such training; and any impact assessment training provided within a profession will often have the “cultural” imprint of that profession.     

Setting boundaries of participation in environmental impact assessment

Public participation processes are touted as an effective way to increase the capacity and legitimacy of environmental assessment and the regulatory process that rely on them. Recent changes to the Canadian environmental assessment process narrowed the criteria for who can participate in environmental assessments from any who were interested to those who were most directly affected. This article examines the potential consequences of this change by exploring other areas of Canadian regulatory law where a similar directed affected test has been applied. This new standard risks institutionalizing the long-understood representational bias confronted by more diffuse interest like environmental protection. Restricting participation to the “directly affected” is far too narrow a test for processes like environmental assessment that are designed to determine the public interest.     

基于AHP的密闭环境空气质量评价模型及其应用

针对指数法在评价密闭环境空气质量中存在评价因素单一,不能反映多种污染物对空气环境质量的综合影响等缺点,结合模糊数学的原理与方法,对密闭环境空气质量进行评价。采用层次分析法赋权,按最大隶属原则,通过模糊数学模型对某密闭环境空气质量进行综合评价,评价结果较科学地反映了空气质量的真实状况。     

河流水生态环境质量评价方法研究与应用进展

河流生态质量的监测和评价是从河流生态系统健康状况的角度对河流质量进行的评价。河流生态健康的评价已经向多要素多指标综合、多种评价方法(预测模型法、生物完整性指数、多要素综合评价)、流域尺度方向发展。该文重点介绍了国外评价体系产生的背景和研究基础,分析了广泛应用的几类评价方法的特点、在不同国家和流域的应用情况以及各方法的应用前景,分析了国内开展河流生态质量评价研究的发展过程、阶段性研究进展和应用案例,并根据目前研究基础评述了我国评价体系现存问题及应用前景,为河流生态质量评价体系的建立及发展方向提供建议和参考。     

水污染指数法在河流水质评价中的应用研究

为满足我国水质评价与管理的需要,针对单因子评价法和综合污染指数法在水质评价中存在的问题,提出了水污染指数法。采用该方法对湘江干流2009年的水质状况进行了试评价,并将评价结果与单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、模糊综合评判法以及主成分分析法的评价结果进行了对比。结果表明,水污染指数法在水质类别评价、水质定量评价、主要污染指标识别、劣Ⅴ类水体水质比较等方面均具有明显优势,同时,该方法计算过程简单、易掌握,具有较强的推广、应用价值。