乌鲁木齐地区主要湖泊富营养化现状

根据“七五”期间全国14个城市湖泊富营养化调查拟定和筛选出的总氮、总磷、生化耗氧量、透明度和叶绿素a的含量五个评价参数,用评分法对我区三个主要湖(库)富营养化现状进行评价.柴窝堡湖和红岩水库已达富营养水平,乌拉泊水库达中营养水平.     

太湖水体溶解态磷的时空变化特征

对2010年太湖西岸区北段、湖心北区、贡湖、梅梁湾、竺山湾、西岸区南段、湖心南区、南岸区和湖心区9个研究点位水体中的溶解态总磷(TSP)、溶解态反应磷(SRP)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)进行了长达1年的动态监测,全面分析了太湖不同月份、不同区域水体溶解态磷含量的时空动态变化特征及其与藻类生长的相关性。全湖月平均TSP变化范围为(0.027±0.019)~(0.054±0.042)mg/L,SRP变化范围为(0.009 ± 0.006)~(0.035 ± 0.020) mg/L,夏秋季SRP含量高于春冬季。北太湖区溶解态磷含量普遍高于南太湖区,近岸溶解态磷含量高于离岸。各点位年均TSP变化范围为(0.019±0.011)~(0.104±0.038) mg/L,SRP变化范围为(0.009±0.006)~(0.041±0.022)mg/L。全年SRP变异(53.2%)高于TSP(23.4%)、近岸变异高于离岸、表层高于底层。溶解态磷含量日变化特征不明显,外源磷输入影响太湖水体溶解态磷分布。全年中太湖水体TSP、SRP与Chl-a呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.313(P<0.01)、0.284(P<0.01)。     

洋河水库蓝藻水华爆发预测影响因子研究

为了预测洋河水库富营养化变化趋势和蓝藻水华爆发的风险,对洋河水库水体进行采样,分析其环境质量.研究结果表明,近年来洋河水库叶绿素a含量处于高位,氮、磷含量不断上升,特别是总氮质量浓度在5 mg/L左右,主要以硝态氮的形式存在,富营养化程度不断加剧,具有大规模爆发蓝藻水华的风险.对洋河水库藻华爆发的环境条件进行分析,提出...     

富营养化湖泊叶绿素a时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

基于内蒙古乌梁素湖区20个监测点5、7、9、11月的监测数据,分析水体中叶绿素a浓度时空变化情况。同时,分析水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、COD、p H、总有机碳与叶绿素a的相关性。结果显示,叶绿素a浓度呈现由西北向东南逐渐减少的趋势,而浓度峰值出现在7月下旬,低值出现在11月下旬。相关因素与叶绿素a的相关性呈复杂性,线性拟合结果显示,与COD没有明显相关性;与总有机碳呈弱负相关性,与p H呈负相关性;而与总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮呈正相关性。期望该研究为干旱区湖泊水体富营养化控制和水资源管理提供科学依据。     

九龙江河口春季磷的形态分配及浮游植物对磷的响应

以石码河口及上游水域为研究对象，2007年5月对表层水中不同形态的磷及浮游植物生物量叶绿素a（Chla）进行了调查，分析河口磷形态分配的影响因素及与浮游植物生物量的关系。以颗粒态有机磷（POP）为主的颗粒态磷（PP）占总磷的61．2％；溶解态无机磷（DIP）占溶解态磷（TDP）的72．8％。河口区上游磷与河口磷的组成相似，雨水的淋洗作用对水体中磷的组成有较大影响，以颗粒态无机磷（PIP）的显著增高为特征。水中Chla与TP和DOP存在极显著的正相关，表明生物活动在一定程度上控制着该水域表层水中磷形态的分布。     

大宁河水体营养盐状况与水华爆发之间关系分析

通过对大宁河常规监测和水华爆发期间加密监测断面的氮、磷营养盐指标统计,运用综合评价、相关性分析等方法对大宁河氮、磷营养盐分布和叶绿素a与总磷、总氮的关系进行了分析.结果显示,水华爆发期间叶绿素a与总磷、总氮呈正相关关系,总磷是大宁河水华爆发的限制因子.氮磷水平呈现从上游到入长江口逐渐递增趋势,长江回灌作用对大宁河输入部分氮、磷营养盐.     

山仔水库叶绿素a与环境因子的相关分析及富营养化评价

依据2003年3～11月对山仔水库的逐月调查和监测数据,分析叶绿素a含量的时空分布情况，探讨叶绿素a与相关环境因子的关系,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数对山仔水库水质进行分析评价。结果表明，山仔水库除了3、10、11月份处于中营养状态,其余月份都处于富营养化状态。叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征。日溪进口和山仔水库坝前的叶绿素a含量较高;初夏和秋末出现高峰，叶绿素a含量分别高达211 mg/m^3和93mg/m^3。多元统计分析表明，与山仔水库叶绿素a含量显著相关的因子是水温和溶解氧。生物因子评价表明，山仔水库浮游藻类的种类和数量都达到了富营养化水平。     

嘉陵江南充段枯水期叶绿素a与营养盐的空间分布特征

在嘉陵江南充段及其主要入江支流布设18个采样点,测定总氮、总磷和叶绿素a等水质参数,探讨叶绿素a和氮磷有机物空间分布特征及其潜在影响因素,并运用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数（TSI）评价嘉陵江南充段及其主要入江支流采样点富营养化水平。结果表明：嘉陵江南充段氮磷元素及叶绿素a表现出南充市市区段浓度高;东河、西溪河、螺溪河、西河等支流受人类活动的影响大,氮磷及叶绿素a含量较高;嘉陵江南充段及其支流采样点TSI值在4995～6369之间变化,西河富营养化最严重（TSI为6369）,氮营养盐和溶解氧是影响嘉陵江南充段富营养化状态的主要因子。     

大亚湾水体营养盐分布特征及其生态环境效应

2019年秋季和2020年春季在大亚湾海域开展了生态环境现状调查,调查要素包括水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量(COD)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(DIP)、叶绿素a等。秋季DIN和DIP平均浓度分别为(5.00±3.36)、(0.31±0.56) μmol/L,春季分别为(3.12±1.97)、(0.13±0.05) μmol/L,春季DIN和DIP含量低于秋季。秋、春季DIN和DIP高值区均位于淡澳河入海口、哑铃湾和范和港湾口以及渔业养殖和港口交汇海域,且呈现自湾顶至湾口逐渐减小趋势,主要受入海径流、外海水入侵、渔业养殖、污水排放等多重因素影响。大部分海域处于贫营养化状态,仅湾顶局部海域为中度富营养化水平。春季叶绿素a平均值为(2.10±1.07) μg/L,大于秋季[(0.83±0.54) μg/L],秋、春季叶绿素a空间分布大体与营养盐相同,即湾顶高,湾中和湾口逐渐降低,秋、春季N/P平均值分别为30.52±20.09和26.68±17.70,湾顶浮游植物繁殖的主要限制因子为磷,湾口的主要限制因子为氮。     

太湖氮磷浓度与水质因子的关系

在2003年10月27、28日和2004年8月19日的太湖水质试验数据基础上,研究与探讨了氮浓度、磷浓度与叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和CDOM(Colored Dissolved Organic Matter)浓度之间的定量关系。研究结果表明:①在2003年10月份和2004年8月份,太湖梅梁湾地区水体的氮、磷浓度介于1~4mg/L和0.1~0.3mg/L,该浓度恰好处于易发生水华的营养物质浓度供应区间;②与2004年8月19日相比,2003年10月27、28日的太湖藻类处于低增长、高消亡状态;③在太湖梅梁湾地区,氮、磷浓度与CDOM浓度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度之间存在较强的线性相关性,其相关系数大于0.557;④在太湖水体中,磷浓度、CDOM浓度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度的四因子关系模型比氮浓度、CDOM浓度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度的四因子关系模型的相关系数高。     

Physical and chemical characteristics of water from the hydrographic basin of the Poxim River, Sergipe State, Brazil

The Poxim River is one of Sergipe State’s major waterways. It supplies water to the State capital, Aracaju, but is threatened by urban and agricultural developments that compromise both the quantity and the quality of the water. This has direct impacts on the daily lives of the region’s population. In this work, a multivariate analytical approach was used to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of the water in the river basin. Four sampling campaigns were undertaken, in November 2005, and in February, May, and September 2006, at 15 sites distributed along the Poxim. The parameters analyzed were conductivity, turbidity, color, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, chlorophyll-a, and nutrients (total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammoniacal nitrogen, and total nitrogen). Dissolved oxygen contents were very low in the Poxim-Açu River (1.0–2.8), the Poxim River (1.6–4.6), and the estuarine region (1.7–5.1), due to the dumping of wastes and discharges of domestic and industrial effluents containing organic matter into fluvial and estuarine regions of the Poxim. Factor analysis identified five components that were indicative of the quality of the water, and that explained 81.73 % of the total variance.     

模糊数学在丹江口水库富营养化评价中的应用

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,其水质安全将直接影响调水工程的成败。基于2013年6月的水质监测结果,通过对水质指标的聚类,将丹江口水库划分子库区,并尝试使用模糊数学方法进行水质富营养化评价。结果表明,丹江口库区可分为6个子库区,各库区在透明度、溶解氧、浊度、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、硝酸盐氮和叶绿素a等理化指标均有显著差异;富营养化评价显示,库区总体营养状态级别为中营养。其中,坝前区域(库区Ⅰ)和丹库主体部分(库区Ⅵ)营养状态级别为贫营养,汉库原河道区(库区Ⅱ)为中营养,汉江入库口(库区Ⅲ)、汉库最大库湾(库区Ⅳ)、丹江入库口(库区Ⅴ)为轻度富营养。模糊综合评价法较好反映出水质的模糊性、连续性,使评价结果更加准确可靠。     

Water quality trends in Polyphytos reservoir, Aliakmon River, Greece

A water quality monitoring program was undertaken from June 2004 to May 2005, on a monthly basis, in Polyphytos Reservoir of Aliakmon River. Depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH and transparency (Secchi disk) were measured in situ, while collected water samples were analyzed in the laboratory for the determination of BOD, COD, total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphate (OP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, total Kappajeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd). Measured concentrations were compared to those from two previous studies conducted in July 1987 to June 1988 and January 1991 to February 1993. The following conclusions are drawn: the effect of the watershed on the lake environment, mostly through Aliakmon River, is significant, and it accelerates the eutrophication of the lake. The anoxic zones, which were defined in the lake, reinforce this conclusion. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia were measured at lower concentrations compared to previous studies, while total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were found at increased concentrations. The current trophic state of Polyphytos reservoir is eutrophic, based on the OECD method and Carlson's Trophic State Indices (TSI). The concentration of BOD and COD ranged at low levels. Furthermore, the mean concentrations of metals Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd were below the potable water standards set by WHO and EU. During most part of the study period the ratio N/P for Polyphytos reservoir was higher than 7.2:1, and therefore, phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for algal growth.     

Water Quality Changes in Chini Lake, Pahang, West Malaysia

A study of the water quality changes of Chini Lake was conducted for 12 months, which began in May 2004 and ended in April 2005. Fifteen sampling stations were selected representing the open water body in the lake. A total of 14 water quality parameters were measured and Malaysian Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI) was calculated and classified according to the Interim National Water Quality Standard, Malaysia (INWQS). The physical and chemical variables were temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, chlorophyll-a, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), ammonia-N, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate. Results show that base on Malaysian WQI, the water in Chini Lake is classified as class II, which is suitable for recreational activities and allows body contact. With respect to the Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS), temperature was within the normal range, conductivity, TSS, nitrate, sulphate and TDS are categorized under class I. Parameters for DO, pH, turbidity, BOD, COD and ammonia-N are categorized under class II. Comparison with eutrophic status indicates that chlorophyll-a concentration in the lake was in mesotrophic condition. In general water quality in Chini Lake varied temporally and spatially, and the most affected water quality parameters were TSS, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, sulphate, DO, ammonia-N, pH and conductivity.     

Evaluation of long-term trends in hydrographic and nutrient parameters in a southeast US coastal river

The Nassau River estuary is located in northeast Florida adjacent to the eutrophic St. Johns River. Historically, development has been sparse in the Nassau River's catchment; thus, the system may provide a relatively undisturbed aquatic environment. To monitor the condition of the Nassau River estuary and to discern spatial and temporal trends in water quality, nutrients and hydrographic variables were assessed throughout the estuary from 1997 to 2011. Hydrographic (temperature, salinity, total suspended solids, and turbidity) and nutrient parameters (total phosphorus, ortho-PO₄ ^3?, total nitrogen, NH₄ ⁺, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and NO₃ ^?) were monitored bimonthly at 12 sites in the mesohaline and polyhaline zones of the river. Nonparametric Kendall's Tau was implemented to analyze long-term water quality patterns. Salinity was found to increase with time, particularly in the mesohaline sampling sites. Dissolved oxygen decreased over time in the estuary and hypoxic conditions became increasingly frequent in the final years of the study. Nutrients increased in the estuary, ranging from 149 to 401 %. Rainfall data collected in adjacent conservation areas did not correlate well with nutrients as compared with stream discharge data collected in the basin headwaters, outside of the conservation lands, attributed here to expanding urbanization. During the study period, the Nassau basin underwent rapid human population growth and land development resulting in commensurate impacts to water quality. Nutrient and physical data collected during this study indicate that the Nassau River estuary is becoming more eutrophic with time.     

Assessment of water quality based on Landsat 8 operational land imager associated with human activities in Korea

Water pollution such as green algae blooms and eutrophication in freshwater fatally influences both water quality and human society. Water quality issues in the 4 major rivers in Korea, including the Nakdong, have recently become a major concern. For this reason, it is essential to monitor water quality parameters (WQPs) that have a widespread characteristic to ensure maintenance of an effective water management system. The possibility of utilizing remote sensing technology for monitoring water quality on a regional scale has been recently investigated. The main objective of this study is to evaluate potential applications of the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for estimating water quality in the Nakdong River, Korea. Correlations between Landsat 8 bands and in situ measurements are determined, and water quality models are established for estimating suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and total phosphorus (TP). The results demonstrate that WQPs correlated well with band reflectance values from Landsat 8. Band 5 was reasonably correlated with all WQPs, particularly with SS (R?=??0.74) and Chl-a (R?=??0.71). This study constructed multiple regression equations for WQPs based on correlation analysis through band combination and band ratio. The spatial distribution of WQPs in the Nakdong River on October 27, 2013 and May 16, 2014 indicate that the river was nearly eutrophic from human activities. Based on the results, the Landsat 8 OLI may be an appropriate data for estimating and monitoring water quality parameters on a regional scale. However, further validation is required to support the findings of this study.     

Longitudinal variability in streamwater chemistry and carbon and nitrogen fluxes in restored and degraded urban stream networks

Stream restoration has increasingly been used as a best management practice for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds, yet few data exist to assess restoration effectiveness. This study examined the longitudinal patterns in carbon and nitrogen concentrations and mass balance in two restored (Minebank Run and Spring Branch) and two unrestored (Powder Mill Run and Dead Run) stream networks in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Longitudinal synoptic sampling showed that there was considerable reach-scale variability in biogeochemistry (e.g., total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cations, pH, oxidation/reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and temperature). TDN concentrations were typically higher than DOC in restored streams, but the opposite pattern was observed in unrestored streams. Mass balances in restored stream networks showed net uptake of TDN across subreaches (mean ± standard error net uptake rate of TDN across sampling dates for Minebank Run and Spring Branch was 420.3 ± 312.2 and 821.8 ± 570.3 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively). There was net release of DOC in the restored streams (1344 ± 1063 and 1017 ± 944.5 mg m(-2) d(-1) for Minebank Run and Spring Branch, respectively). Conversely, degraded streams, Powder Mill Run and Dead Run showed mean net release of TDN across sampling dates (629.2 ± 167.5 and 327.1 ± 134.5 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively) and net uptake of DOC (1642 ± 505.0 and 233.7 ± 125.1 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively). There can be substantial C and N transformations in stream networks with hydrologically connected floodplain and pond features. Assessment of restoration effectiveness depends strongly on where monitoring is conducted along the stream network. Monitoring beyond the stream-reach scale is recommended for a complete perspective of evaluation of biogeochemical function in restored and degraded urban streams.     

Long-term trends and short-term variability of water quality in Skive Fjord, Denmark – nutrient load and mussels are the primary pressures and drivers that influence water quality

Nineteen years of monitoring data from the eutrophic Skive Fjord, Denmark were examined for linkages to external pressures and drivers, including nutrient inputs, meteorology and stocks of blue mussels. Linkages were examined by: 1) time-series analysis to document effects of nutrient reduction programs, 2) Pearson Rank correlations, 3) multivariate statistical analysis (PLS) to identify water quality variables with high predictability and their linkages to pressures, and 4) regression analysis to quantify relationships between pressures and water quality. Freshwater input, nitrogen load and phosphorus load showed decreasing trends through the period 1984–2002. The load reductions were only partially translated into trends in water quality: phosphorus decreased in most seasons, while total nitrogen decreased during winter and spring only. Phosphorus concentration had the highest predictability (explained by seasonal temperature variation) followed by transparency, silicate, tot-N, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity, phytoplankton diversity and phytoplankton turnover. The variation in pressures other than nutrient input confounded the relations between loads and water quality. High biomass of mussels led to reduced chlorophyll-a and increased transparency, while short-term variability in water column mixing led to changes in chlorophyll-a due to nutrient entrainment and coupling to benthic mussels.     

Natural and anthropogenic contamination of the Fratta-Gorzone river (Veneto, Italy)

Stream-bed sediment samples were collected in 2001 and 2004 along the Fratta-Gorzone River (Italy) to assess the level of heavy metal contamination. The river stretch most affected by discharges of tannery effluent showed total and pseudo-total Cr levels (up to 2,860 mg/kg) that greatly exceed national and international chemical sediment quality standards. The most contaminated section of the river bed is located downstream of the main industrial discharge. However, a large fraction of the Cr present in the sediment appears to be of lithogenic origin. At most sites, more than 50% of Cr is not soluble in aqua-regia and thus unlikely to be very mobile or easily bio-available. A negligible risk to the benthic community can be inferred for Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Ni. This work highlights the limitation of using existing chemical sediment quality standards alone for risk assessment. The collection and analysis of suspended solids, the determination of river discharge and of dissolved Cr at 10 field stations allowed to estimate the particulate and dissolved Cr load and to locate the river stretch that was the likely source of contaminated sediment. The pumping of dilution water from the Adige River into the Fratta-Gorzone River did not produce the expected contaminant dilution effect due to re-suspension of contaminated solid particles and the release of Cr in solution.     

Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of River Yamuna in Haryana and its ecological best-designated use

Various physico-chemical characteristics of the River Yamuna flowing in Haryana through Delhi were studied in the summer (April 1998) and winter (Jan.-Feb. 1999). Ecological parameters like dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO4(2-)), and phosphate (PO4(3-)), were analyzed and compared with standard permissible limits to assess the best-designated use of the river water for various purposes. The river in Delhi upstream was of better quality whereas the Delhi downstream stretch was polluted as indicated by very low DO and high total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), total hardness, Na+, K+, Cl-, F- and SO4(2-). The differences in various parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.01) when compared for the Delhi upstream and downstream stretches of the river, particularly in summer. DO and TDS were found to be two important parameters, which showed strong correlation with several other parameters and hence can serve as good indices of river water quality. The river tended to recover from the pollution stress after flowing through a distance of about 80 km downstream of Delhi.