Mg(BH_4)_2对钝化RDX安全性的影响

在钝化黑索今(RDX)中加入硼氢化镁(Mg(BH_4)_2)有望提高其爆炸性能,但也带来潜在的危险。为研究Mg(BH_4)_2在钝化RDX中的应用可行性,参照炸药试验方法,测试钝化RDX/Mg(BH_4)_2混合炸药的爆热、机械感度、热感度、热安定性以及组分间的相容性。结果表明,Mg(BH_4)_2质量分数为10%和20%时,炸药爆热分别提升16.93%和33.02%;表观活化能略有增加,对热安定性无明显影响;Mg(BH_4)_2与钝化RDX相容性为一级;质量分数为10%时,混合炸药的5 s爆发点为283℃,与钝化RDX相似,但机械感度明显增大。Mg(BH_4)_2作为添加剂虽然能够增强炸药能量,但必须避免撞击、摩擦等外界条件,以保证试验和生产安全。     

不同粒度RDX的重结晶制备和机械感度研究

为研究RDX机械感度随其粒度大小的变化规律,采用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂/非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出中位径d50分别为0.429μm,7.052μm,40.75μm的RDX颗粒,并采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对3种试样的粒度进行了表征.测定了3种试样的撞击感度(特性落高H50)和摩擦感度(爆炸概率)值.测试结果表明,撞击感度随粒度减小逐渐降低,并且在粒度降至亚微米级时最低.摩擦感度随粒度减小先升高再降低,而且粒度在亚微米时最为钝感.     

环境温度对烟火药剂混触机械感度的影响研究

对烟花爆竹药剂典型氧化剂与还原剂的二元混合物在不同温度的条件下进行撞击感度及摩擦感度测试,分析不同氧化剂、还原剂及温度对二者混触的影响规律。结果表明:含有硫磺的药剂撞击感度值较大,含有镁铝合金粉的药剂摩擦感度值较大;随着温度升高,药剂的撞击感度值升高,而不同药剂的摩擦感度值表现出不同趋势,这与机械撞击和摩擦作用下起爆机理不同有很大的关系,并从理论上对实验结果进行分析。     

二氧化氯母体材料安全性研究

为研究二氧化氯母体材料(氯酸钠、亚氯酸钠,分别用0#和1#表示)的安全性能,采用摩擦和撞击感度仪、电火花感度仪和差式扫描量热仪(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC),对二者的机械感度、静电感度及热安全性能进行了对比研究,并研究了掺杂对母体材料机械感度和静电感度的影响。结果表明,未掺杂的样品机械安全性较高,爆炸危险性较低。掺杂树脂、木粉、油脂后,0#样品特性落高对数值分别为1.642、1.688、1.758,爆炸概率分别为0.72、0、0.64;1#样品特性落高对数值分别为1.427、1.354、1.447,爆炸概率分别为0.92、0、0.88。可知掺杂后二者均有爆炸危险,机械感度提升。当木粉与0#/1#试样掺杂比例分别为1∶10、1∶5、1∶2时,随木粉掺杂量增加,0#样品特性落高对数值由1.758降至1.715,爆炸概率由0.64上升至0.8;1#样品特性落高对数值由1.447增至1.522,爆炸概率由0.88上升至1。据此可知,随木粉与试样掺杂比例由1∶10增至1∶2,0#样品撞击感度趋于增加,1#样品撞击感度趋于减小,二者的摩擦感度呈上升趋势。且1#较0#样品对撞击、摩擦作用更敏感。两样品及掺杂3种掺杂物后样品均对静电作用不敏感;在0~300℃温升范围内,0#样品无放热峰,仅有1个吸热峰;1#样品出现两个放热峰,初始放热温度分别为167.00℃、207.21℃,焓变分别为519.795 6 J/g、301.525 8J/g。这说明1#样品易发生热积聚,引起热爆炸;而0#样品在此温升范围内,相对较安全,热安全性能较高。     

不同粒度RDX的重结晶制备和机械感度研究

为研究RDx机械感度随其粒度大小的变化规律，采用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂／非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出中位径如分别为0．429μm，7．052μm，40．75μm的RDX颗粒，并采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对3种试样的粒度进行了表征。测定了3种试样的撞击感度（特性落高H50）和摩擦感度（爆炸概率）值。测试结果表明，撞击感度随粒度减小逐渐降低，并且在粒度降至亚微米级时最低。摩擦感度随粒度减小先升高再降低，而且粒度在亚微米时最为钝感。     

HNIW/HTPB传爆药的制备及性能研究

以HNIW为高能填料,以HTPB为粘结剂,采用真空浇注法制备了HNIW/HTPB传爆药。为研究HNIW基浇注型传爆药的爆炸特性,通过实验制备了HNIW/HTPB传爆药,并对其撞击感度、临界直径和爆速等性能进行了分析研究。结果表明,HNIW/HTPB传爆药对撞击作用较钝感,当HTPB的含量为12%时,其特性落高h50为51.68cm,临界直径小于0.6mm,它的实测爆速为8248m/s,接近其理论爆速8320m/s,且HNIW/HTPB传爆药各组分之间具有良好的相容性,因此该传爆药具有良好的安全性能和传爆性能,适合于微尺寸装药,从而具有广阔的应用前景。     

不同配比安全点火药B/KNO_3的研究

为研究可靠点燃主装药,性能稳定的B/KNO3点火药,对不同配比的B/KNO3进行配制并对其性能进行测试。不同配比B/KNO3在火焰感度、静电火花感度、撞击感度、摩擦感度4项外界刺激中,除了对撞击非常钝感之外,对其他3项外界刺激敏感。在不同比例的药中,以B/KNO3比例为50:50,粘结剂为X的药火焰感度最高,稳定性好;静电火花感度随B/KNO3中B比例提高而降低,摩擦感度随B/KNO3中B比例提高而提高,但当中B比例从40%提高到50%时,这两感度改变不多。分析得出B/KNO3比例为50:50,粘结剂为X的药满足对主装药点火可靠,稳定性好。     

HMX粒度、粒度级配对混合传爆药性能影响的研究

通过喷射方法把主体炸药 HMX重结晶后 ,将其制成粗细不同的几种粒度药粉 ,并按粗细不同比例进行级配 ,随后采用 SSGT和爆速测试 ,研究了不同粒度及粒度级配对其混合传爆药冲击波感度和爆速的影响规律 ,并对其结果进行了理论分析。由于实验条件的限制 ,还不能达到按要求控制条件以细化出要求的各种粒径 ,所以实验所选的几种级配粒度是随机的 ,因而具有代表性。     

烟花爆竹烟火药剂危险性评价方法

为预防涉及烟花爆竹用烟火药剂的事故,应当在大规模制造、使用、储存之前,初步评估其危险性。在大量文献调研和专家建议基础上,选取机械感度(撞击和摩擦)和热感度作为烟火药安全性的最主要的指标。基于危险度的定义,用摩擦感度、撞击感度和热感度表征可能性,用最大放热量原则计算的放热量表征严重度,提出一种简便的,对烟花爆竹用烟火药剂的危险性进行评价的方法。运用此种方法得到的几种药剂的危险性等级比较符合实际情况。     

铝粉超细化对KClO3/Al/S配方药剂特性的影响

为研究铝粉超细化后对烟火药剂性能的影响,将普通铝粉和纳米铝粉分别与氯酸钾、硫黄粉按照零氧平衡的同一配比(17%Al+63%KClO3+20%S)配制成烟火药剂,分别用0#样品和1#样品表示。用ARC、WL-1型落锤仪和MGY-1型摆式摩擦感度仪等试验装置从热安全性、撞击感度和摩擦感度等方面进行对比试验。结果表明,与含普通铝粉的0#样品相比,含纳米铝粉的1#烟火药剂热分解的初始反应温度明显降低(118.67℃<123.3℃),反应到达最大温升速率所需的时间明显延长(4.94min>0.13 min),反应所能达到的最高压力明显降低(2.77 MPa/g<3.14 MPa/g),反应动力学因子明显降低(361.85 kJ/mol<409.41 kJ/mol),撞击感度明显下降(12%<100%)。这说明铝粉粒径对药剂的性能有一定的影响。纳米铝粉的加入在加速烟火药剂反应进程的同时,可有效降低其反应的激烈程度、压力危险性和撞击危险性,即铝粉超细化后可以有效改善烟火药剂的性能,提高其安全性。     

The effect of Mg(BH4)2 on the energy characteristics of RDX based aluminized explosives

This paper mainly discusses the effect of Mg(BH₄)₂ on RDX-based aluminized explosives' energy characteristics. RDX/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/AP/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂ mixed explosives were prepared by molding power method. The influence of energy storage materials on the performance of mixed explosives was discussed by adjusting the proportion of Mg(BH₄)₂. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, detonation heat experiment, and XPS experiment were carried out for the mixed explosive. The mechanical sensitivity, energy characteristics, and the products after the explosion of the mixed explosive were analyzed. Through the above experiments, it is concluded that Mg(BH₄)₂ can effectively improve the energy characteristics of RDX, but its safety will become worse after being prepared by a simple mixing method, and the use of the molding power method can effectively reduce the sensitivity. As the mass fraction of Mg(BH₄)₂ increases and Al decreases, the detonation heat of explosives decreases gradually. Mg(BH₄)₂ made the oxygen balance of mixed explosives more negative has been considered as a potential reason. Analysis of the detonation heat solid products by XPS found that, unlike our expected results, the product contained a large amount of low calorific value of B₂O₂ instead of B₂O₃, which may be a crucial reason. This paper provides a reference for the application of Mg(BH₄)₂ in energetic materials and is of great significance for the development and application of new materials in energetic materials.     

Detonation characteristics of ammonium nitrate and activated carbon mixtures

To better understand the detonation characteristics of ammonium nitrate (AN) and activated carbon (AC) mixtures, steel tube tests were carried out for AN/AC mixtures of various compositions and different forms of AN (powdered, prilled, phase stabilized and granular), and the detonation velocity was measured. The powdered AN/AC mixtures gave higher detonation velocities than the other AN forms. For all the AN/AC mixtures, the experimentally observed detonation velocities at each loading density were far below the theoretically predicted values calculated by the CHEETAH code based on thermohydrodynamics, exhibiting so-called non-ideal detonation. The lowest detonation velocity of powdered AN/AC mixtures was obtained as D=1.25 km/s for an AC content of 0.1 wt%. This was considered to be close to the critical condition for stable detonation.     

Friction spark generation and incendivity of several metal alloys

When metal alloys are used as mechanical equipment or tools in explosive atmospheres, the occurrence and incendivity of mechanically generated sparks as ignition sources should be taken into consideration. The formation of mechanically generated sparks was investigated for seven metals, including Q235 steel, 304 stainless steel, TC4 titanium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, H62 bronze alloy, AMAK3 zinc alloy, and AZ31B magnesium alloy. The relationship between the physical-chemical properties and generation and incendivity of friction sparks was evaluated. For 6061 aluminum alloy, H62 bronze alloy, AMAK3 zinc alloy, and AZ31B magnesium alloy, no bright friction sparks were observed in the maximum friction velocity of 12 m/s and maximum surface pressure of 3.75 N/mm², because of low hardness, high thermal conductivity, low melting point, and the absence of carbon content. Ignition testing indicated that nano titanium dust layers with MIEL (minimum ignition energy of dust layer) of 1 mJ were not ignited by friction particles from the four metal alloys. However, bright particles were clearly observed for 304 stainless steel, Q235 steel, and TC4 titanium alloy. Friction sparks at the maximum power densities showed incendivity with micro titanium layers having an MIEL of 17.5–25 mJ but not with PMMA, corn starch, and wood dust having MIELs greater than 1 J. Two different particle burning behaviors with different fragmentation mechanisms during the friction process were determined, namely the micro explosion phenomenon for TC4 titanium alloy and particle burst for Q235 steel. Results indicate that the physical-chemical properties of friction metal rods are useful for preliminary evaluation of spark generation. Powder layers with known MIEL can be considered as indicator testing materials to evaluate spark incendivity.     

Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

In order to obtain a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation behaviour of ammonium nitrate based explosives, detonation velocities of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) prepared with different kinds of ammonium nitrate (AN) were measured in steel tubes. In this series of test six kinds of AN were used and the influence of the pore diameter, the pore volume and the particle diameter of the AN particle on the detonation velocity of ANFO was investigated.

It was found that the pore diameter and the pore volume had a strong influence on the detonation velocities of ANFO. In the case of ANFO samples which were prepared with AN that had the same pore diameter and the pore volume, when tested the highest detonation velocity (3.85 km/s) was observed when the smallest particle diameter (<0.85 mm) was used. This value corresponded to 75% of the ideal detonation velocity, which was theoretically predicted by the CHEETAH code with the JCZ3-EOS.

The 12 months aging showed the change of the detonation velocities of ANFO and the reaction of ANFO was influenced both by the physical and the chemical properties of AN particles and oil during the storage period.     

Mg(BH_4)_2和MgH_2对RDX热分解特性的影响

在黑索今(RDX)中加入具有高热值的金属氢化物(Mg(BH4)2和MgH2)有望提高RDX的爆炸性能,但同时给RDX的安全使用带来挑战。为了探索RDX与这2种金属氢化物的相容性与安定性,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究Mg(BH4)2和MgH2对RDX热分解性能的影响,并由DSC得到的数据计算动力学参数,参照GJB770B—2005的方法分析这2种金属氢化物与RDX的相容性和安定性。结果表明,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的表观活化能从159.22 kJ/mol增加至180.27 kJ/mol,加入MgH2使RDX的表观活化能降低至133.69 kJ/mol;Mg(BH4)2与RDX的相容性为1级,MgH2与RDX的相容性为3级,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的安定性有所提高,加入MgH2降低了RDX的安定性。因此,在将MgH2作为RDX的高能添加剂以前,必须首先提高其与RDX的相容性以保证试验和存储过程的安全。     

爆炸形成过程中火焰加速的试验研究

为预防和控制工业爆炸事故,并为脉冲爆轰发动机的研究提供理论指导,分析火焰加速导致的燃烧转爆轰过程的影响因素。采用爆轰管探讨障碍物的阻塞比、混合物的组成、初始压力和点火能等4个因素对爆炸性气体火焰速度和爆轰压力的影响规律。试验结果表明:障碍物的存在能大大提高火焰速度和爆轰压力;爆轰压力随管内障碍物阻塞比的增大先变大后减小,并在阻塞比为0.498,燃料种类为天然气,化学当量比为1时达到最大;爆轰压力还随混合气体初始压力的增大和点火能的提高而增大。选择适宜的条件可大大提高火焰加速速率,促进燃烧向爆轰过程转变。     

易燃混合气体爆炸完全基元反应模型数值模拟

采用完全基元反应模型和高精度ENO格式对易燃混合气体爆炸过程进行了数值研究,对H2/O2/Ar混合气体起爆和爆轰波传播过程的数值模拟结果表明,计算的爆轰波阵面参数和实验相当符合,对轰波反应区化学反应的研究表明,参与反应的不同组分具有不同类型的变化特征,这些特征为爆炸灾害的预防设计提供了线索。     

Commentary: legal minimum tread depth for passenger car tires in the U.S.A.--a survey

Available tire traction is a significant highway safety issue, particularly on wet roads. Tire-roadway friction on dry, clean roads is essentially independent of tread depth, and depends primarily on roadway surface texture. However, tire-wet-roadway friction, both for longitudinal braking and lateral cornering forces, depends on several variables, most importantly on water depth, speed and tire tread depth, and the roadway surface texture. The car owner-operator has control over speed and tire condition, but not on water depth or road surface texture. Minimum tire tread depth is legislated throughout most of the United States and Europe. Speed reduction for wet road conditions is not.A survey of state requirements for legal minimum tread depth for passenger vehicle tires in the United States is presented. Most states require a minimum of 2/32 of an inch (approximately 1.6 mm) of tread, but two require less, some have no requirements, and some defer to the federal criterion for commercial vehicle safety inspections. The requirement of 2/32 of an inch is consistent with the height of the tread-wear bars built in to passenger car tires sold in the United States, but the rationale for that requirement, or other existing requirements, is not clear. Recent research indicates that a minimum tread depth of 2/32 of an inch does not prevent significant loss of friction at highway speeds, even for minimally wet roadways. The research suggests that tires with less than 4/32 of an inch tread depth may lose approximately 50 percent of available friction in those circumstances, even before hydroplaning occurs. It is concluded that the present requirements for minimum passenger car tire tread depth are not based upon rational safety considerations, and that an increase in the minimum tread depth requirements would have a beneficial effect on highway safety.