庚烷池火多火源燃烧特性的实验研究

多火源燃烧是森林火灾和城市群发性火灾中重要而又特殊的火灾现象,相关研究很少。通过恒定控制液面高度的实验系统,对直径0.1m、0.2m和0.4m的庚烷池火在单个火源、两火源燃烧和三火源线性排列时的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率等特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,三火源燃烧时中间火源的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率明显高于两火源燃烧和单火源燃烧,三火源燃烧时边上火源与两火源的燃烧状况难以区分。这些燃烧特性随着火源间距的减小,呈现增大趋势。热量反馈增强和空气卷吸受限这两种火源相互作用机制相互耦合,且随着火源间距的减小而增强,在S/D（S为火源间距,D为油池直径）为2～4时,两种机制强烈竞争,在其他参数范围内热量反馈增强效应占主导作用。研究还发现火焰体积与热释放速率有较好的线性相关关系,单位火焰体积的热释放速率约为1614kW/m3。     

高压输电线路舞动及防舞措施

正高压输电线路在覆冰雪、大风天气下已发生舞动,输电线路舞动将损伤导线,引起线路跳闸,在跨越平原开阔地带高压输电线路舞动现象多有发生,影响电力安全运行,造成重大经济损失。分析舞动的产生原因和影响因素,提出高压输电线路的防舞措施。     

浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电危险性研究

储罐在实际运行中,受浮盘的上下移动、机械应力、老化、油污、金属腐蚀等因素的影响,很难确保导电片与罐壁紧密贴合,容易形成微小间隙,在这种情况下遭受雷击易产生间隙放电,出现打火现象.为了分析导电片与储罐罐壁导电片产生间隙放电的危险性,根据Townsend气体放电理论计算了导电片和储罐罐壁间的击穿电压,采用1.2/50μs冲击电压波开展了导电片间隙放电实验,分析了导电片击穿电压与空气间隙距离的关系.结果证明:当导电片和罐壁贴合不良时,导电片和罐壁之间极易产生火花放电;当空气间隙d=0.1cm时,平均空气击穿电压仅为5280V;随着间隙的增大,空气击穿电压也随之增大;导电片间隙放电实验数据与Townsend气体放电理论值吻合.最后,根据以上结论,针对浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电的危险性,提出了改进措施.     

火源长宽比对隧道内矩形火燃烧特性的影响研究

开展了一系列小尺寸实验研究隧道内不同火源受限情况下的火焰形态和顶棚射流火焰长度。实验中采用四个长宽比范围1~8的矩形气体燃烧器作为火源,并通过改变火源的摆放位置和贴壁方向(长边贴壁和短边贴壁)来改变火源的受限程度。结果表明:当火源置于开放空间非受限场景时,随着火源长宽比的增大,火源卷吸空气周长增大,导致火焰高度不断减小。对于贴壁火当矩形火源的长边贴壁时,随着长宽比的增大,其火焰高度同样不断减小;由于卷吸不对称,火焰贴着墙壁向上方蔓延,其火焰高度明显高于开放空间条件下的值。当火源短边贴壁时,火焰高度虽然仍随长宽比的增大而减小,但其火焰高度与开放空间相近,明显小于长边贴壁的情况,说明此时空气卷吸受限程度不大,火焰蔓延没有受到墙壁明显的影响。在前人对轴对称火源(方形和圆形火源)研究的基础上,本文对矩形火源位于隧道纵向中心线和紧贴隧道侧壁的火焰形态和火源长度进行了实验研究,定义了一个修正的无量纲火源功率?Q *mod,并引入了考虑矩形火源长宽比的无量纲特征参量(n+1)/n,建立了综合考虑火源功率、火源尺寸和贴壁方向的矩形贴壁火的火焰长度关系式。     

低压下典型可燃液体层流扩散火焰碳烟分布规律研究

对正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷三种不同含碳量的可燃液体进行了燃烧实验,利用一台压力范围为40 kPa～101kPa的低压燃烧设备,分析了其在低压下的火焰高度、宽度及其与压力的关系,发现上述3种可燃液体的火焰高度均随压力升高而增加,火焰宽度随压力增加而减小。利用激光诱导炽光法研究了压力对三种可燃液体碳烟浓度分布的影响,包括不同高度下的径向碳烟浓度、轴向碳烟浓度和碳烟浓度峰值,结果表明低压下可燃物含碳量越高、压力越大,碳烟浓度越高;碳烟浓度峰值与压力成指数关系。     

BVR多芯铜导线过电流故障下燃烧及火焰传播研究*

为深入研究BVR多芯铜导线过电流故障下燃烧及火焰传播特征,采用堆栈技术分析导线受热形变,并利用高速摄像机记录故障导线发热、熔断及绝缘燃烧现象,研究导线发热形变、熔断时间及燃烧时火焰传播速度与电流值变化关系。结果表明:当I=136 A时,导线不发生熔断,只有当高温线芯直接接触周围可燃物才可引发火灾;当I=153 A时,导线会发生熔断现象,且熔断时间随过电流值升高而缩短;当I=204 A时,导线发生熔断,断路电弧引燃周围热解气体,火焰前沿迅速蔓延至导线两端,平均火焰前沿传播速度达2.2 m/s,平均明火持续时间达8.2 s,整根导线无需外界可燃物即可发生明火燃烧。研究结果可为起火原因认定提供技术指导。     

KI50X特高压变压器油火灾特性参数分析

为了获得KI50X特高压变压器油火灾特性参数,在大空间试验厅中,通过在不同尺寸油盘中燃烧KI50X型特高压换流变压器油,测量了燃烧速率、火焰平均高度、羽流轴向温度等燃烧特性参数。详细讨论了燃料初始温度、燃料厚度、油池直径等对燃烧速率、火焰平均高度、羽流轴向温度的影响。燃料厚度对质量损失速率有较大影响,燃料厚度为20mm时,可以观察到包括:(Ⅰ)初始增长、(Ⅱ)准稳态燃烧和(Ⅲ)衰减至熄灭3个典型燃烧阶段,因此燃料厚度都设为20 mm。当初始燃料温度从25℃升高到90℃时,会出现整体沸腾现象,导致质量损失率出现第二个峰值。此外,分别提出了在常温(25℃)和高温(90℃)下,油池直径与稳定阶段燃烧速率的关联式参数。通过对试验数据的拟合,在过渡火焰和总湍流火焰条件下,KI50X型特高压换流变压器油的燃烧速率符合液体燃料燃烧速率与油池直径的一般关系。火源上方无量纲高度处的轴向无量纲温度分布与Z/D成正比。拟合得到的轴向平均温度分布关系式表明,随轴向高度与KI50X变压器油池直径之比的增大,轴向无量纲温度升高比生物柴油和正庚烷油池快。最后系统地给出了25℃及90℃下KI50X型特高压变压器油燃烧特性拟合公式的一系列参数。     

公路隧道内纵向通风对火灾参数影响的试验研究

公路隧道发生火灾时易造成严重后果,纵向通风作为火场排烟降温的常用措施会改变燃烧的火源功率及相关火灾参数,影响公路隧道通风排烟的设计。利用按照弗洛德相似性原理自行设计建造的公路隧道火灾烟气输运特性研究试验台,研究了不同纵向通风风速下燃料火源功率、火焰形状和烟气层高度、距火源2 m人眼高度处一氧化碳体积分数、隧道横截面竖向温度及隧道纵向人眼高度处温度的变化规律。结果表明,所研究的火灾参数与纵向通风之间呈现非线性变化关系,火源功率在纵向通风作用下出现"双驼峰"现象,随风速增大,火源功率、火焰主体长度与亮度的变化规律相似,平均燃烧速度与一氧化碳体积分数、温度变化规律一致。     

火焰撞击受限顶棚条件下顶棚最高温度数值模拟研究

顶棚下方最高温度是隧道火灾发展蔓延时的重要参数。针对火焰撞击顶棚并受到顶棚侧墙限制的强羽流驱动的顶棚射流,利用FDS模拟了18种缩尺寸隧道火灾工况,研究了顶棚下方最高温度随着火源功率、火源与顶棚距离的变化规律。结果表明:火焰撞击区域附近顶棚下方温度随着火源功率的增大而降低,随火源与顶棚距离的增大而升高;相反,在远离火源区域顶棚下方的温度随火源功率增大而升高,随火源与顶棚距离增大而降低;同时,通过分析隧道中心面上顶棚下方温度分布规律,提出了火焰撞击受限顶棚时顶棚下方最高温升的预测模型,研究结果能为实际的隧道消防提供一些参考。     

醇酸清漆对典型装饰木材燃烧特性和生烟特性的影响

为了探讨醇酸清漆对典型装饰木材火灾危险性的影响,利用热重分析、差热分析、木垛法、隧道法和塑料烟密度仪对装饰木材的燃烧性能、热解特性和生烟特性进行了分析。结果表明,木材及其表面涂覆的醇酸清漆主要热失重发生在200~500℃,其中木材的热解过程为先吸热、后放热的过程,而醇酸清漆为吸热过程。与未涂覆清漆的木材相比,清漆使木材在燃烧过程中质量损失、有焰燃烧时间及火焰传播比值明显增加。同时,醇酸清漆的烯烃结构和苯环结构还导致木材的比光密度、质量光密度增大,烟气危害增大,从而进一步增大了火灾危险性。此外,装饰木材的生烟特性还受火焰条件和辐射功率的影响,高辐射功率和有焰条件下材料的比光密度和质量光密度均较低。     

螺旋隧道火灾特性小尺寸实验研究

为探明螺旋隧道火灾特性,防止人员高温伤害,基于Froude准则,搭建比例1∶67的小尺寸螺旋隧道实验模型,采用模型实验方法研究不同坡度和不同风速下螺旋隧道火灾温度分布规律及烟气蔓延特性。研究结果表明:低坡度条件下,螺旋隧道内高温区以火源为中点呈对称分布状态;随着坡度的增加,隧道内高温区逐渐向下游延伸,火源处拱顶下方温度呈现先增大后降低再升高的变化规律;无论是自然风还是机械纵向通风,新鲜冷空气的吹入对隧道温度的降低起到主导作用,且风速越大,温降幅度越大;随着隧道坡度和自然风速的增加,火羽流由竖直狭长型转变为燃烧不稳定的大截面火焰,同时坡度增加抑制了火灾烟气逆流,促进了烟气向火源下游的蔓延速度,大大提高了排烟的有效性,减少人员伤害。     

Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds

The majority of experimental tests done on combustible dusts are performed in constant volume vessels that have limited or no optical access. Over the years, McGill University has been developing alternative experimental techniques based on direct observation of dust flames, yielding reliable fundamental parameters such as flame burning velocity, temperature and structure. The present work describes two new experimental set-ups allowing direct observation of isobaric and freely propagating dust flames at two sufficiently different scales to test the influence of scale on dust flame phenomena. In the laboratory-scale experiments, a few grams of aluminum powder are dispersed in transparent, 30 cm diameter latex balloons that allow for full visualization of the spherical flame propagation. In the field experiments, about 1 kg of aluminum powder is dispersed by a short pulse of air, forming a conical dust cloud with a total volume of about 5 m³. High-speed digital imaging is used to record the particle dispersal and flame propagation in both configurations. In the small-scale laboratory tests, the measured flame speed is found to be about 2.0 ± 0.2 m/s in fuel-rich aluminium clouds. The burning velocity, calculated by dividing the measured flame speed by the expansion factor deduced from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, correlates well with the previously measured burning velocity of about 22–24 cm/s from Bunsen dust flames. Flame speeds observed in field experiments with large-scale clouds, however, are found to be much higher, in the range of 12 ± 2 m/s. Estimations are presented that show that the presumably greater role of radiative heat transfer in larger-scale aluminium flames is insufficient to explain the six-fold increase in flame speed. The role of residual large-eddy turbulence, as well as the frozen-turbulence effect leading to large-scale dust concentration fluctuations that cause flame folding, are discussed as two possible sources for the greater flame speed.     

磁场对扩散火焰特性的影响

通过磁场对扩散火焰特性影响的研究，可以发现磁场能够改变火焰的燃烧特性，使火焰的温度升高，而火焰的高度有所降低。这能使我们更精确地了解实际火灾过程中火焰的燃烧特性，掌握火灾的特点，为减灾和灭灾提供有益的参考。     

Flame extension length of inclined hydrogen jet fire impinging on a water curtain

The use of a water curtain system to prevent fire spread has been extensively investigated, but the case of an inclined jet fire inhibited with a water curtain is not involved. A series of experiments were conducted on inclined hydrogen jet fires with various fuel flow rates, nozzle diameters and inclination angles under the influence of a vertical water curtain. This study aims to explore the burning behaviors of inclined jet flames at the impingement area, specifically the flame extension lengths. The experimental results show that an increase in fuel flow rates or nozzle diameter leads to a larger flame extension length. With the increase of flame inclination angle, the flame extension length decreases and the influence of nozzle diameter on the flame extension length is attenuated. A new dimensionless heat release rate is proposed to correlate with the dimensionless flame extension length by incorporating an air entrainment coefficient. The model built in this study can be used to predict the flame extension length of jet flames with different diameters, fuel flows and inclinations under the influence of a water curtain, and is validated by data in the previous study.     

基于FIPEC试验的电缆燃烧性能研究

利用FIPEC试验装置20.5kW的火源对市场上常见的ZR-YJY、ZR-YJV和ZR-VV三种类型的阻燃电力电缆的燃烧性能进行了全尺寸试验研究,对试验结果分析了不同类型阻燃电缆的火灾发展和蔓延特性,以及电缆在火焰蔓延过程中的影响因素,结果表明,在热释放和产烟特性上,ZR-YJY均优于ZR-YJV和ZR-VV,但在火焰蔓延性能上,ZR-YJY相对较差。同时获取了电缆在火灾过程中的热释放、产烟特性以及火焰蔓延特性的基础数据,为我国《电缆及光缆燃烧性能分级》标准提供试验依据。     

Behavior of flames propagating through lycopodium dust clouds in a vertical duct

The structure of flame propagating through lycopodium dust clouds has been investigated experimentally. Upward propagating laminar flames in a vertical duct of 1800 mm height and 150×150 mm square cross-section are observed, and the leading flame front is also visualized using by a high-speed video camera. Although the dust concentration decreases slightly along the height of duct, the leading flame edge propagates upwards at a constant velocity. The maximum upward propagating velocity is 0.50 m/s at a dust concentration of 170 g/m³. Behind the upward propagating flame, some downward propagating flames are also observed. Despite the employment of nearly equal sized particles and its good dispersability and flowability, the reaction zone in lycopodium particles cloud shows the double flame structure in which isolated individual burning particles (0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) and the ball-shaped flames (2–4 mm in diameter; the combustion time of 4–6 ms) surrounding several particles are included. The ball-shaped flame appears as a faint flame in which several luminous spots are distributed, and then it turns into a luminous flame before disappearance. In order to distinguish these ball-shaped flames from others with some exceptions for merged flames, they are defined as independent flames in this study. The flame thickness in a lycopodium dust flame is observed to be 20 mm, about several orders of magnitude higher than that of a premixed gaseous flame. From the microscopic visualization, it was found that the flame front propagating through lycopodium particles is discontinuous and not smooth.     

突然进风对室内火灾影响的实验研究

以工业酒精为燃料，在一房间与走廊相联的模型中，研究了封闭燃烧一定时间后，突然进风对室内火灾的影响。分别在走廊进风。起火室进风等情况下，观察了燃烧状况的变化，测量了典型截面的温度分布，并对一些现象出现的原因作了分析。指出这种突然进风，可在短时间、一定范围内降低温度，但主要效果是促进燃烧。当室内有明火源时还会引发烟气回燃，致使其中的温度急剧升高。     

A numerical modelling of an influence of CH4, N2, CO2 and steam on a laminar burning velocity of hydrogen in air

The influence of additives of various chemical natures (CH₄, N₂, CO₂, and steam) at a laminar burning velocity S_u of hydrogen in air has been studied by numerical modelling of a flat flame propagation in a gaseous mixture. It was found that the additives of methane to hydrogen–air mixtures cause as a rule monotonic reduction in the S_u value with the exception of very lean mixtures (fuel equivalence ratio ? = 0.4), for which a dependence of the laminar burning velocity on the additive's concentration has a maximum. In the case of the chemically inert additives (N₂, CO₂, H₂O) the laminar burning velocity of rich near-limit hydrogen–air flames drops monotonically with an increase in the additive's content, but no more than 1.5 times, and the adiabatic flame temperature changes slowly in this case. In the case of methane as the additive, the laminar burning velocity is diminished approximately 5 times with an increase in the adiabatic flame temperature from 1200 to 2100 K. Deviations from the known empirical rule of the approximate constancy of the laminar burning velocity for near-limit flames are shown.     

大型综合购物广场中庭火灾烟气的数值模拟

中庭火灾的烟气流动与控制数值模拟是性能化消防设计的关键。借助Fluent软件,以广州某广场中庭为实例,考虑火源位置和补风口位置两因素,设计了不同的中庭类建筑火灾场景,并建立了数值模型。结果表明:当补风口稍高于火源时,不仅对火源的影响较小,还有利于烟气的排出;烟气中的CO向远距离处迁移时浓度变化较小;发生火灾时,中庭底部烟气的毒性危害高于烟气的高温危害。     

2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气燃烧过程研究

利用球形发展火焰研究了常温常压下不同当量比,不同相态时2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气的层流燃烧速度和马克斯坦长度,分析了火焰拉伸对火焰传播速度的影响。研究结果表明:随着当量比的增加,2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气混合气的马克斯坦长度减少,火焰的稳定性减弱。并且分别计算出当量比为1.25和1.5的层流燃烧速度,分别为:1.189m/s,1.135m/s.。对于同一当量比1.5的情况下,不同相态的2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气混合物,在相同时刻的气液两相混合物的火焰半径已经拉伸火焰传播速度远远大于纯气相的混合物。