21世纪安全工程本科专业课程体系改革与实践

以现代大学的教育理念为指导,以培养高素质人才为目标,充分体现“加强基础、拓宽面向、注重复合、突出特色”的教育教学思想,提出了安全工程本科专业课程体系构建模式。在专业方向模块课程设置方面提出了构建“安全管理课程群”、“安全技术课程群”、“工业卫生课程群”以及“环境保护课程群”。课程群的建设有利于加强不同学科之间的交叉和融合,有利于促进教材建设和师资队伍建设,有利于教学资源的优化配置,提高教学管理水平和教学实践效果。此外,还应加强实验实习基地建设,进一步深化实践环节教学改革,培养适应21世纪社会经济与科技发展的新型高素质人才。     

Requirements for improved process hazard analysis (PHA) methods

In order to develop better process hazard analysis (PHA) approaches, weaknesses in current approaches first must be identified and understood. Criteria can then be developed that new and improved approaches must meet. Current PHA methods share common weaknesses such as their inability specifically to address multiple failures, their identification of worst-consequence rather than worst-risk scenarios, and their focus on individual parts of a process. There has been no comprehensive analysis of these systemic weaknesses in the literature. Weaknesses are identified and described in this paper to assist in the development of improved approaches. Knowledge of the weaknesses also allows PHA teams to compensate for them to the extent possible when performing studies.Key criteria to guide the development of improved methods are proposed and discussed. These criteria include a structure that facilitates meaningful brainstorming of scenarios, ease of understanding and application of the method by participants, ability to identify scenarios efficiently, completeness of scenario identification, exclusion of extraneous scenarios, ease of updating and revalidating studies, and ease of meeting regulatory requirements. Some proposals are made for moving forward with the development of improved methods including the semi-automation of studies and improvements in the training of team members.     

Product safety – Principles and practices in a life cycle perspective

This article describes a new product life cycle model that can be used by producers to improve safety and to prevent defective products from being placed on the market. The model has eight phases and the article describes and discusses the required safety-related issues in each phase. Analytical methods that should be used in the various phases are identified. Both consumer and industrial products are covered. The article outlines main product safety requirements with focus on European product safety legislation. The concept adequate safety is introduced as an acceptance criterion for the producer during the product development process, and factors that should be taken into account when deciding whether or not a product has adequate safety are discussed.     

利益冲突群体的安全人性及其弱点

根据安全人性需求理论对利益冲突群体形成的原因进行了分析,在安全人性理论的基础上揭示了利益冲突群体安全人性的本质。通过统计分析我国近14年发生的群体性事件,得出了我国群体性事件的特点、矛盾主体、原因。运用蝴蝶突变理论对群体性事件发生的原因进行分析,构建了群体性事件发生的过程机理模型,提出了应对群体性事件发生的思路,总结出利益冲突群体安全人性的应用领域。     

Evaluating a safety culture campaign: Some lessons from a Norwegian case

The focus of the present study is on the implementation and some of the results of an evaluation of a safety culture campaign that partly was aimed at increasing workmate interventions (care). I focus on three groups either working on or with a Norwegian offshore platform: onshore managers, crane operators and process operators. The research questions are: “Has the safety culture campaign contributed to new safety cultures related to care in the three groups, why/why not and what can we learn from this?”. The study indicates that two of the groups have developed new safety cultures that sensitize them to new hazards, motivate and legitimize new preventive practices. In accordance with the interpretive approach to culture in organizations, these changes are discussed in light of members’ of each group’s negotiation over the meaning and relevance of campaign efforts on workmate interventions. Lessons that can be learned from the study are discussed.     

关于“质量”问题的几点思考

关于“质量”的内涵 ,在物理学、哲学和经济学等方面有其不同解释。而生产的产品“质量”不仅包括其特殊功能指标 ,还包括其安全性、可靠性、使用寿命。它涉及生产者、使用者或消费者的生命安全与健康 ,甚至影响市场竞争与繁荣、社会稳定与文明、国民经济建设与可持续发展。因此 ,质量的安全问题在安全科学领域 ,在安全科技界 ,在市场流通和消费领域 ,一直为人们所关注。优质的物质产品必然是以人为本的、安全的、无害的 ,也必然是安全科技、环保科技含量很高的产品。笔者对以上领域关于“质量”的问题进行了研究 ,对经济学方面的质量与效益的内涵 ;质量与经济效益的关系、提高质量的途径和方法等问题进行探讨 ,阐述了自己的观点和看法。     

Design and implementation of a parent guide for coaching teen drivers

IntroductionTeens beginning to drive independently are at significant increased risk of motor-vehicle crashes relative to their other life stages. There is, however, little guidance for parents as to how best to supervise learning to drive.MethodThis study sought to undertake an informed approach to development and implementation of a Parent Guide. We included a multi-stage development process, using theory, findings from a Delphi-study of young driver traffic-safety experts, and parent focus groups. This process informed the development of a Guide that was then evaluated for feasibility and acceptability, comparing a group that received the Guide with a control group of parent and teen dyads. Both members of the dyads were surveyed at baseline, again at the approximate time teens would be licensed to drive independently (post-test), and again three months later.ResultsWe found no difference in the proportion of teens who became licensed between those given the new Guide and control teens (who received the state-developed booklet); that is the Guide did not appear to promote or delay licensure. Teens in the Guide group reported that their parents were more likely to use the provided resource compared with control teens. Responses indicated that the Parent Guide was favorably viewed, that it was easy to use, and that the logging of hours was a useful inclusion. Parents noted that the Guide helped them manage their stress, provided strategies to keep calm, and helped with planning practice. In contrast, control parents noted that their booklet helped explain rules. Among licensed teens there was no significant difference in self-reported risky driving at the three-month follow-up. We discuss the challenges in providing motivation for parents to move beyond a set number of practice hours to provide diversity of driving practice.     

TRIZ进化理论在粉碎机创新安全设计中的应用

为了准确评价林木生物质粉碎机现有产品的技术水平,预测其研发方向以适应规模化生产的需要,将TRIZ进化理论应用于林木生物质粉碎机创新安全设计中,通过TRIZ理论的S曲线分析明确当前产品的技术水平处于初始期,应加大研发力度,提高系统的有用功能,降低成本和有害功能;改进产品可能的结构状态,在此基础上,提出新产品概念方案。在新产品的开发中,应用TRIZ进化理论有助于企业准确定位现有产品的技术成熟度,预测产品未来的发展趋势,作出科学的研发决策,减少研发周期,提高创新能力。     

新形势下中小企业自主创新能力培养探究

在新的市场环境下。中小企业面临新的竞争和挑战,中小企业要在激烈的市场环境获取更多的发展机会,需要具备良好的自主创新能力,在运行过程中需要积极开展自主创新活动,从多方面提升自身的综合竞争力,为获取更多的利润创造良好的条件。中小企业自主创新的过程也是新产品开发和价值形成的过程,在新的市场环境下,中小企业需要注重新技术开发。从管理、技术、文化、营销等角度把握市场发展机会,积极推进自主创新工作不断开展,为中小企业自主创新能力提升和可持续发展营造良好的氛围。     

我国抢险救援装备技术现状及未来发展方向和政策建议

概述了目前我国抢险救援器材产品和技术进步的基本情况。分析了抢险救援器材产品生产的基本格局和抢险救援器材产品企业的自主创新能力和技术进步情况。分析研究了抢险救援器材产品生产中存在的主要问题,并对抢险救援器材产品的市场情况进行了简要分析。阐述了抢险器材产品生产和技术的基本情况和趋势、我国消防抢险器材产品技术的世界地位、经济社会的发展对消防抢险器材产品技术创新的要求。最后提出了我国抢险器材产品技术的未来发展方向,并对促进消防员抢险器材产品技术及产业的发展提出了思路和政策建议     

基层公安消防部队应急救援能力构成要素研究

近年来,我国公安消防部队主动拓展职能,承担了灭火之外的,以抢救人民生命为主的应急救援任务,已成为了我国常态下应急救援的主力军。本文根据新时期、新形势下应急救援工作建设的实际需要,系统的研究了应急救援能力的概念和构成要素,并从人员、装备、组织管理指挥体系和社会救援资源四个方面对基层公安消防部队的应急救援能力进行了分析,对各要素及各要素之间的关系分别进行了研究,分别提出了各要素的衡量方法,可对基层公安消防部队应急救援能力的科学评价和管理决策提供参考。     

企业班组安全生产管理新模式研究

为提高企业班组安全管理效率和水平,本文在对电力、矿山、化工、钢铁冶炼等行业企业的班组安全管理现状进行调研的基础上,提出我国代表性班组安全管理模型存在的问题;基于实践和研究,从核心思想、工作理念、工作原则、安全生产目标指标与责任制系统建设、基础保障5大方面阐释班组安全管理新模式,并应用于实践。研究表明:班组安全生产管理的新模式可以全方位、全层次有效提升班组安全管理的水平,更具有系统性和有效性。     

A model for occupational injury risk assessment of musculoskeletal discomfort and their frequencies in computer users

Occupational injuries pose a major problem in workplaces where computers are widely used. Intensive, repetitive and long period computer use results in costly health problems (direct cost), and lost productivity (indirect cost). Yet, the effect of musculoskeletal discomfort and their frequencies associated with the use of computers have not received considerable attention. This paper presents the findings of a risk assessment model through a scientific research to determine the effect of discomfort factors that contribute to musculoskeletal disorders resulting from intensive use of computers in the workplaces. In this context a questionnaire was given to 130 intensive computer users working in the university sector. A list of significant predictor variables for musculoskeletal disorders was developed to assess and analyze workplace ergonomics, worker attitudes and experiences on computer keyboard and mouse. The main focus of the current research is to seek and provide evidence that symptoms of musculoskeletal discomfort and the frequency of these symptoms are significant in the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). This study provides the evidence that, ache and pain are the most common types of discomforts in all body regions. The discomforts were more pronounced at neck, shoulder, upper back, hand/wrist, and lower back regions. The risk factors determined by the risk assessment model were validated through ANOVA of the sEMG records for the control and test groups. The findings indicated that for each test group respondent, the mean musculoskeletal strain experienced differs in time, but the same is not true for the control group.     

An efficient framework of emergency response to facilitate disaster recovery for fire-damaged medical equipment – Case study at a large medical centre after a fire

The major role of disaster recovery management is to rapidly restore the chaotic condition to normal, which includes mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. To reduce secondary damage and loss, the recovery process must be facilitated. Information technologies (including network, web-based, computer, and related software tools) speed up the work process to rapidly deliver disaster information to the related department. In this paper, we share an experience that used a framework of emergency response, including a simple pre-operating process and a web-based information system, to effectively manage and control damaged medical equipment after a fire accident in a hospital operating room. This web-based information system was built in only 2 weeks and was used to manage a large amount of medical equipment affected by the fire. Since then, it effectively prevented the interruption of clinical work at 22 clinical units by supporting the reconstruction activities.     

影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的因素探讨

随着化学工业的迅速发展,化学品的产量和品种大幅增加,危险化学品生产企业各类事故频发,严重阻碍了化学工业的发展.为此,国家制定了一系列的法律法规,以期遏制恶性事故的发生.安全评价作为预防事故的重要手段,现已广泛应用于各个行业,危险化学品生产企业也不例外.但是,随着安全评价工作的开展,也暴露出与安全评价有关的一些问题.本文简要介绍了我国危险化学品生产企业的安全现状,详细分析了影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的各种因素,并提出了相应的对策措施.     

改进的DEMATEL法在航空公司外委维修安全风险分析中的应用

为有效识别和分析外委维修安全风险因素间复杂的影响关系,提出了群决策DEMATEL分析方法。该方法以语言变量和三角模糊数之间的转换为基础,通过群决策理论集结专家信息建立直接影响矩阵;利用DEMATEL分析法对外委维修的安全风险因素进行辨识,实现定性定量相结合的分析。以某航空公司为例,采用该方法分析了14个对外委维修安全影响显著的风险因素。结果表明,在外委维修过程中,航空公司和承修商应重点监控7个原因型因素和中心度排序靠前的6个因素。     

From the CDC: A qualitative study of middle and high school professionals' experiences and views on concussion: Identifying opportunities to support the return to school process

Introduction: Current research recommends that students returning to school after a concussion should receive a return to school plan that is tailored to their individual symptoms. School professionals play important roles in designing and implementing the supports outlined in return to school plans. Methods: This qualitative study explored middle and high school professionals' experiences with concussion, particularly their knowledge and perceptions of the injury and their experience with supporting students with concussion. Six focus groups were conducted with two to four school professionals per group, including two groups of teachers, two groups of school psychologists and counselors, and two groups of school nurses. Findings were coded into four categories: (a) challenges with identifying a concussion; (b) strategies for communicating with students about concussion; (c) barriers to implementing return to learn plans; and (d) establishing a collaborative school support team. Results: School professionals who participated in the focus groups were knowledgeable about concussion and the importance of helping their student recover. Participants also understood the importance of recognizing the signs and symptoms of concussion and communicating with students and parents about this injury. However, the study participants reported various challenges related to concussion identification and management, including the perceived validity of concussion symptom reporting by students. A team-based approach was mentioned across all groups as the preferred method for school-based concussion management for students. Conclusion: School professionals in this study were eager to address concussion in their schools, but desire guidance on how to overcome social norms around concussion identification and reporting. In addition, there is a need for consistent use of written instructions from healthcare providers to help guide return to learn (RTL) accommodations. Practical applications: The findings from this study can help inform the integration of concussion, and other health, management plans in schools.     

考虑群组行为的楼梯瓶颈处行人流模拟

为探究楼梯瓶颈处群组行为对行人流通行效率的影响,基于校园内的观测试验获取群组运动参数,采用Anylogic仿真平台建立考虑群组行为特征的楼梯瓶颈处人员运动模型,根据不同的群组运动参数、楼梯几何参数和障碍物布置方式对行人流通行时间与密度分布的影响开展数值模拟。结果表明:较大的群组比例和群组规模均会延长行人流通行时间,增加通行过程中的拥堵持续时间;在链状构型下,群组通行效率较高,而并排构型对人员通行造成的负面影响最大;在有群组和无群组情况下,楼梯位置变化会产生相反的通行效果;平行放置障碍物可以有效降低人群密度,提高群组行人流的通行效率。     

Let's get this meeting started: Meeting lateness and actual meeting outcomes

Meeting lateness is pervasive and potentially highly consequential for individuals, groups, and organizations. In Study 1, we first examined base rates of lateness to meetings in an employee sample and found that meeting lateness is negatively related to both meeting satisfaction and effectiveness. We then conducted 2 lab studies to better understand the nature of this negative relationship between meeting lateness and meeting outcomes. In Study 2, we manipulated meeting lateness using a confederate and showed that participants' anticipated meeting satisfaction and effectiveness were significantly lower when meetings started late. In Study 3, participants holding actual group meetings were randomly and blindly assigned to either a 10 min late, 5 min late, or a control condition (n = 16 groups in each condition). We found significant differences concerning participants' perceived meeting satisfaction and meeting effectiveness, as well as objective group performance outcomes (number, quality, and feasibility of ideas produced in the meeting). We also identified differences in negative socioemotional group interaction behaviors depending on meeting lateness. In concert, our findings establish meeting lateness as an important organizational phenomenon and provide important conceptual and empirical implications for meeting research and practice.