危险化学品运输事故的应急处理方法

道路危险货物运输事故时有发生,倘若事故应急处理方法不当,很容易引发次生事故、关联事故,从而造成更大的损失.因此,掌握危险化学品运输事故应急处置的基本方法十分重要.通常不同的危化品、不同的事故类别必须采取不同的处置方法.     

数据挖掘与现场调查结合的电动汽车事故分析

为了解电池热失控引起的电动汽车自燃事故起因,降低事故发生率,统计梳理2020年新能源汽车起火事故概况,并基于动力电池失效机制和车辆运行数据,提出一种融合事故阶段安全参数关联分析、事故现场调查和全生命周期数据一致性分析的事故多维分析方法,采用该方法深入剖析一起电动汽车起火事故.研究结果表明:事故多维分析方法可通过探究事故...     

放射性材料运输事故泄漏概率分析

根据放射性材料运输事故过程探讨了放射性材料道路运输导致放射性泄漏污染事故的风险评价模型,基于运输事故统计数据和事故载荷环境严重度分类建立了放射性材料运输泄漏事故发生率的定量评估方法.应用结果表明,该方法能对放射性材料运输泄漏事故概率进行初步定量估算.     

事故经济损失评估理论与方法研究

简要分析了国内外事故损失评估理论与方法的共同特点及问题 ,对事故经济损失的概念和计算范围进行了比较清晰的界定 ,给出了新的事故经济损失分类方法 ,在此基础上提出了新的事故经济损失评估理论 ,建立了评估模型 ,明确了从企业角度和国家角度评估事故经济损失的方法     

基于风险的化工企业安全监控系统布局研究

化工企业安全监控系统是进行化工装置事故预防和控制的重要措施。通过量化装置自身事故风险以及事故状态下装置间事故连锁效应引发的连锁事故风险,建立了综合两类事故的风险评价方法,获得企业的区域风险分布,提出基于风险分布确定监控系统布局设计的方法。     

地铁站事故疏散时间计算方法对比研究

为提高我国地铁站事故疏散时间计算结果的准确性和可信度,通过对国内外事故疏散时间计算的方法、参数设置、结果可信度的对比分析,总结各种地铁站事故疏散时间计算方法的优缺点。结果表明:我国地铁站事故疏散时间的计算方法存在计算参数设置不合理,安全疏散判定标准和事故状态通行能力不明确,折减系数偏大等问题,同时也忽略了建筑特征、人员属性和火势蔓延对疏散过程的影响;而性能化事故疏散时间计算方法能够很好的解决上述问题。建议摒弃公式计算法,积极推行性能化事故疏散设计方法。     

计算机辅助事故树分析中的图形输入法

笔者提出计算机辅助事故树分析中事故树数据的图形输入法。通过详细讨论数据采集过程中数据结构的选用和算法设计 ,不但能方便地实现计算机辅助事故树绘图 ,而且在绘图的同时得到事故树的全部数据 ,进而可对事故树进行全部定性和定量分析。这种方法是计算机辅助事故树分析中绘图和数据输入方法的重要补充 ,同时也将有益于其他类型树及图的绘制和分析。最后 ,给出了一个实例 ,应用图形输入法得到满意的结果。该方法不仅是事故树的新绘制方法 ,也是全新的事故树数据输入法 ,是事故树算法的拓展和补充     

机电类特种设备典型事故风险分级预警预控方法研究

基于风险预警预控理论,依据SMART原则,设计了机电类特种设备典型事故风险分级预警预控方法;根据风险评价分级原理,建立了起重机机械断裂事故、游乐设施机械断裂事故、客运索道突停事故、电梯溜车事故和场(厂)内专用机动车辆伤人事故5种典型事故风险分级预警模型,提出基于科学与高效原则的风险预警预控"匹配"原理,实例验证了风险分级预警预控方法的科学性和可操作性,为机电类特种设备使用过程典型事故风险分级预警和预控提供科学的理论及方法。     

车人碰撞事故再现技术研究进展

车人碰撞事故再现已成为国内外研究热点,提高结果可信性为事故再现的核心。根据事故再现所需痕迹将再现方法分为6类,即"行人抛距"、"车辆制动距离"、"行人损伤"、"车辆变形"、"其他"以及"仿真"。通过分析各类方法的优缺点,提出可综合利用这些方法获得客观、可信的事故再现结果。然后探讨提高车人碰撞事故再现结果可信性的新发展方向:开发国产、高精度的事故再现软件,研究事故再现结果的不确定性问题,以及研究痕迹间关系在事故再现中的应用。而其中仿真所得事故再现结果的不确定性问题、车人碰撞事故再现区间不确定优化方法以及事故现场痕迹间关系为值得期待的新研究内容。     

危险化学品耦合事故累积放大效应危害模型研究

为了科学评判多灾耦合事故的危险程度,在分析多灾耦合效应类型的基础上,探讨了耦合事故累积放大效应的作用机理;通过单一事故初始危险性指数以及耦合事故危险性综合指数的确定方法,构建了耦合事故累积扩大效应危害模型;并将该模型应用到江苏亚邦苯泄漏事故案例中,计算结果与实际相符,表明该方法评估耦合事故危害性的合理性,研究成果为消防部队危化品事故处置提供参考。     

建立我国工业事故风险管理制度的探讨

简要论述工业事故风险管理的要素和风险评价方法，提出建立适合我国市场经济体制的工业事故风险管理制度，制定适合各行业特点的事故风险标准值和风险分析评价方法，将风险管理与工伤保险和事故预防有机地结合起来等建议。     

Application of a predictive safety model in a combustion testing environment

A predictive safety model for accident prevention and system failure, called Continuous Hazard Tracking and Failure Prediction Methodology, is applied at the Marshall Space Flight Center's promoted combustion test chamber. It combines the underlying principles of work sampling, control charts, and multivariate analysis. The sampling is performed to observe the occurrence of conditions which may be becoming hazardous in a given system. These building blocks of hazards, which we have called dendritics, could result in an accident, system malfunction, or unacceptable risk conditions. The data collected is plotted to generate the appropriate control chart, which depends on the characteristics of the given system and the protection desired. Based on the pattern of the control chart, a system ‘under control’ is not disturbed whereas a system ‘out of control’ is investigated for potential conditions becoming hazardous. Then appropriate steps are taken to eliminate or control these conditions in order to maintain a desired safety status of the system. The continuously running characteristic of this model allows for the verification that the corrective measures taken to ameliorate the ‘out of control’ conditions were satisfactory or whether more proactive action is required. The results provided by the predictive model were validated with historical safety data.     

长管拖车的风险预防

本文以HGJ9550GGQ型长管拖车为例,~RETSGP,,0005-2012《移动式压力容器安全技术监察规程》的要求对产品进行风险评估,旨在为使用者制定El常操作规程和事故发生时的紧急预案提供参考。使设备在全部寿命期内处于恰当的操作、维护及管理之下,确保设备使用者及相关方的利益和人身安全。     

使用HAZOP分析法对重大事故进行调查分析

重大事故不仅对当事人造成伤害,对其家庭、国家及社会都要蒙受相当大的损失。故选用合理、有效的系统安全分析方法,对事故致因进行调查分析在事故处理过程中具有关键作用。笔者介绍一种系统安全分析方法,称为危险与可操作分析(HazardandOperabilityStudy,简称HAZOP),该法在其他先进国家已采用多年,但在国内却很少使用。应用HAZOP法对某化工厂失控反应事故进行系统安全分析,研究的侧重点是工艺过程和操作步骤的各种具体数值,它的基本过程就是以引导词为引导,对过程中工艺状态的变化(偏差)加以确定,找出装置及过程中存在的危害。引导词的主要目的之一是能够使所有相关偏差的工艺参数得到评价。HAZOP分析法具有系统性、结构性、创造性和前瞻性的优点,在系统安全分析中具有特别优势,值得推广应用。     

Occupational injury and accident research: A comprehensive review

In this paper, a comprehensive review of the concepts of occupational injury and accident causation and prevention is presented. Starting with hazard identification, the issues on risk assessment, accident causation, and intervention strategies are discussed progressively. The distinctiveness and overlaps in accident and injury research are highlighted. Both empirical research in terms of hypotheses tested and theoretical research such as accident causation models are compared and contrasted. Finally, based on the critical appraisal of the comprehensive review, future research directions on occupational injury research are delineated.     

On the need for system-theoretic hazard analysis in the process industries

Most process hazard analysis (PHA) studies today are conducted using traditional methods such as the hazard and operability study (HAZOP). Traditional methods are based on a chain-of-events model of accident causality. Current models of accident causality are based on systems theory and provide a more complete representation of the causal factors involved in accidents. Consequently, it is logical to expect that PHA methods should reflect these models, that is, system-theoretic hazard analysis (STHA) should be used. Indeed, system-theoretic process analysis (STPA) has been developed as such a method. STPA has been used in a variety of industries but, at this time, it has not gained acceptance by the process industries. This article explores the reasons for this situation. Expectations for PHA in the process industries are examined and issues for the application of STPA in the process industries are discussed. It is concluded that a variety of matters must be addressed before STPA can be considered as a viable PHA method for the process industries and the case for the use of STHA in the process industries is not yet proven.     

Fire and explosion hazards during filling/emptying of tanks

Loading and unloading operations produce 8% of all accidents which occur in process plants and in the transportation of hazardous materials. A survey of 738 accidents was performed, allowing the identification of the accident type distribution and of their cause. Some considerations on flammable mixtures are also presented, and the procedures to avoid these mixtures occurring when filling or emptying a tank are briefly discussed.     

电炉生产系统工伤事故控制技术的研究

本文是综合应用安全系统工程的原理和方法,控制生产系统的工伤事故,并采用系统辨识理论,辨识生产中的潜在危险和后果,定量评价潜在危险的危害程度和发生概率;综合应用数理统计、工程逻辑、故障树、事件树、管理失误和风险树等多种分析方法,对电炉炼钢生产的原料、冶炼、铸锭、天车、电气、机械等子系统进行了事故发生可能性的预分析和安全状况评价。据分析评价结果,结合生产实际和管理现状,制定了控制事故的综合技术对策,并开发了一系列适合于我国企业安全管理实际需要的计算机软件。     

Decision support systems for major accident prevention in the chemical process industry: A developers’ survey

Solid major accident prevention management is characterized by efficient and effective risk assessments. As a means of addressing the efficiency aspect, decision support analysis software is becoming increasingly available. This paper discusses the results of a survey of decision support tools for investigating (internal and external) major hazards in the chemical industry. The most significant features, such as the usability and the functionality of the toolkits are discussed. Toolkit characteristics are analyzed in the light of the different major risk decision process stages. Consequently, valuable supportive information for company decision makers purchasing such software is given. Furthermore, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are formulated for establishing priorities for future risk toolkits developments.     

Making sense of invulnerability at work—a qualitative study of police drivers

This paper reports a qualitative study of 54 police drivers who were interviewed about their views on police driver training, driving strategies and their accident involvement. Study of the transcribed interviews indicated that officers constructed narratives of themselves as being highly aware of hazards presented by other road users and they used a variety of discursive devices to minimise their own culpability and attribute risk elsewhere. Rather than maintaining a straightforward ‘illusion of invulnerability’ they were formulating a ‘topography of risk’ in which they were responding to hazards presented by suspects or other road users. Their meticulously detailed accounts of the circumstances surrounding accidents serve to place them as knowledgeable and impartial participants and create a sense of expertise and authority. Training initiatives could profitably seek to challenge this ‘topography of risk’ and sense of authority so that drivers more fully appreciate the hazard they may present to themselves and the public.