手机导航方式对驾驶行为的影响研究

为研究驾驶员驾驶时使用不同手机导航方式对驾驶行为的影响,开展模拟驾驶试验,利用眼动仪获取4个场景下车辆行驶状态和驾驶人视觉参数;通过均值比较,方差和显著性分析,探究不同手机导航方式下驾驶行为存在的差异。结果表明:不同手机导航方式均造成驾驶分心,但分心程度不同;手持手机导航使驾驶人对前方和左侧区域的关注下降最为显著;使用导航时,驾驶人一般通过降低车速来减少分心带来的潜在风险,其中手持手机导航降低幅度最大;使用手机导航时,车辆纵向速度标准差更加集中,说明此时驾驶人对于车辆的控制变强。     

驾驶中使用手机对驾驶员行为安全绩效影响综述

驾驶中使用手机与交通事故之间存在着高度相关性。为揭示使用手机对驾驶行为安全绩效的影响,探索影响驾驶安全的理论机制,采取更有效的干预措施,结合近10 a来相关研究,综述了与驾驶安全密切相关的驾驶分心问题,主要包括:驾驶员分心的定义及其分类;使用手机对驾驶行为安全绩效的影响,如反应时(RT)、行车速度、路线保持和跟车距离;手机使用对驾驶员分心影响的理论机制,如信息加工理论和计划行为理论(TPB)。分析表明,使用手机会导致驾驶员的反应时延长15%～40%,驾驶路线发生明显偏移,对于行车速度减缓和跟车距离延长的假设需结合驾驶员主客观数据进行比较做进一步验证;驾驶过程中使用手机会增加驾驶员的认知负荷,TPB能够对使用手机行为进行有效的解释和预测,但对该理论中基于信念测量的研究还很少;除手机操作任务,影响驾驶员分心的其他操作任务还需做进一步的研究。     

融合分心维度的驾驶行为可靠性研究

分心驾驶容易影响驾驶行为,进而导致交通事故的问题。用理论建模方法,研究分心对驾驶行为及其可靠性的影响。介绍分心驾驶的定义和维度。基于驾驶行为理论,建立融合分心维度的驾驶行为模型,分析不同分心维度对驾驶行为的影响机理。基于可靠性理论,建立融合分心维度的驾驶行为可靠性模型,分析不同分心维度对驾驶行为可靠性的影响。结果表明:不同维度分心对驾驶行为的影响具有各自特点和交互性;减少影响系数高的分心维度,有助于提高驾驶行为可靠性;多维度分心比单维度分心会更大程度地降低驾驶行为可靠度,应减少或避免复合分心。     

驾驶人视觉分心与认知分心研究综述

驾驶分心与交通事故有高度相关性。为探索驾驶分心对驾驶行为的影响及其影响方式,系统梳理国内外相关研究内容。首先介绍视觉分心和认知分心对驾驶行为影响方式的区别,归纳分心时视觉行为与操作行为的相关性;然后对比分析视觉分心、认知分心和结合分心对驾驶安全性的作用强度;最后论述驾驶分心研究目前存在的问题以及今后的研究方向。分析结果表明,驾驶分心严重威胁驾驶安全。视觉和操作行为特性是研究分心的主要对象,而不同类型驾驶分心的视觉和操作行为敏感度指标研究还处于初级阶段。3类驾驶分心的区别可为分心的检测和识别提供理论依据,目前对3类分心任务的评级尚未完善,大多数研究采取的强制分心任务与实际驾驶过程之间是否存在差异,能否得出理想的结论仍有待深入研究。     

私家车驾驶员驾驶行为与人格特质的关系研究

为研究私家车驾驶员不安全驾驶行为与人格特质的关系,选用大五人格理论作为人格特质理论,将不安全驾驶行为划分为3类(违规行为、疏忽失误、认知错误),并以此构架私家车驾驶员不安全驾驶行为与人格特质的关系模型,通过调查问卷收集数据,应用结构方程模型(SEM)验证所建模型。研究得出:外倾性对违规行为有正向影响(路径系数0.180);宜人性和尽责性对违规行为有负向影响(路径系数-0.962和-0.544);神经质对疏忽失误和认知错误均有正向影响(路径系数0.417和0.409);开放性对违规行为无显著影响。     

行人过街使用手机行为的心理影响因素研究

为深入研究行人过街使用手机行为成因,基于计划行为理论(TPB),引入分心感知变量,从社会心理学角度探讨影响行人过街使用手机行为的心理因素及因素间的作用关系。通过对405份问卷调查数据进行信度和效度检验,构建行人过街使用手机行为结构方程模型(SEM),得到各影响因素间的关系路径。结果表明,用TPB可以有效解释和预测行人过街使用手机行为,行人过街使用手机行为的影响因素中,行为意向和知觉行为控制最重要,其次是态度和分心感知,主观规范影响最弱。     

基于换道行为的驾驶分心识别方法

为预防驾驶分心导致的交通事故,利用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络模型,研究驾驶分心识别方法。通过驾驶模拟试验,分析驾驶人分别在正常驾驶、手持接听电话和免提接听电话等3种状态下执行车辆换道操作时的驾驶行为,构建基于最小正交二乘法(OLS)的RBF神经网络驾驶分心识别模型,用于判定驾驶人是否处于分心状态。研究表明:驾驶分心对换道过程中车辆的纵向速度、横向速度、横向加速度、方向盘转角、方向盘转速和油门开度等6项驾驶绩效参数有显著影响,所构建模型的平均识别正确率达到88. 7%,可准确识别驾驶人的分心状态,为分心事故预防提供理论支撑。     

使用车载信息装置对驾驶行为的影响研究

为研究使用车载信息装置对驾驶行为的影响,基于虚拟驾驶仿真平台,开展正常驾驶、操作按键式和触摸屏式收音机驾驶分心试验;应用外周视觉检测任务法(PDT)测量驾驶人反应时间、PDT目标命中率以及车速和跟驰距离等参数,以评估分心行为的心理资源需求及其对驾驶绩效的影响。试验结果表明:使用车载信息装置会降低驾驶人反应能力和驾驶绩效,操作触摸屏分心与操作按键分心相比,驾驶人反应时间延长了167 ms,PDT目标命中率降低了10%,速度保持和车距保持能力下降,使用触摸屏式车载信息装置需要更多的心理资源,对两侧视野内的信息刺激反应明显迟钝,对行车安全有较大影响。     

低驾龄驾驶员路怒情绪对行为决策过程的影响

为研究路怒情绪如何影响低驾龄驾驶员驾驶行为决策过程,在Wickens的信息加工模型基础上,构建路怒情绪影响下的驾驶员注意、感觉、思维决策的信息加工决策模型;设计问卷对驾龄在0～6年的低驾龄驾驶员进行调查,利用结构方程模型(SEM)验证调查结果。研究结果表明:驾驶员路怒情绪对注意影响的路径系数为0. 57,对感知编码影响的路径系数为0. 60,对思维决策影响的路径系数为0. 40;路怒情绪对低驾龄驾驶员的驾驶行为决策过程的注意、感觉、思维决策有直接的显著影响。     

基于驾驶模拟的自动驾驶接管行为研究*

为探索有条件自动驾驶对非驾驶相关任务的允准边界,基于实车驾驶模拟器,设计自动驾驶接管试验典型场景,招募30名被试者开展驾驶模拟试验;要求驾驶人执行3种分心形式的驾驶次任务,系统发出接管请求提示后,驾驶人接管车辆控制权以避免险情发生,并分析驾驶人接管反应时间、驾驶负荷以及驾驶绩效等相关数据。结果表明:驾驶次任务涉及的分心形式越复杂,接管过程安全性越差,视觉分心任务与操作分心任务对接管行为影响显著;驾驶人更倾向于选择制动操作接管车辆,次任务分心程度越高,制动接管比例越大;与乘客聊天对接管行为影响不显著,看视频和玩手机游戏均会显著延长接管反应时间,增加工作负荷与车辆纵向减速度,玩手机游戏还会显著提升车辆横向加速度。     

Comparison of portable and onboard navigation system for the effects in real driving

Navigation systems are very useful and popular tools which display a user’s location and make use of graphics, text and voice information to guide him to a predetermined destination. Recently, some researches had revealed that drivers choose to receive driving directions using portable devices owing to their price and convenience. This study aimed to survey whether the driving efficiency and controlling are different as using portable and onboard navigation systems. A smartphone (2.7″ screen) and driving support system we instructed (8.9″ display interface) were adopted as the portable and onboard navigation systems respectively. Thirty subjects were paid to participate in this study, and field experiments were executed in urban and rural environments. Participants were randomly divided into two groups with equal numbers and drove according to instructions provided by one of these systems. The results indicated that the performance of drivers using the portable navigation system is better than that of the onboard one, in terms of efficiency and car handling, both in the urban and rural environments, despite the fact that the display screen of the phone is so small.     

基于二维灰云模型的LNG动力船航行过程风险推理*

针对风险多维属性问题及船舶航行多种风险表现,提出基于二维灰云模型的LNG动力船航行过程风险推理方法。针对LNG使用及船舶航行2种作业方式,采用系统方法识别安全风险影响因素体系,确定2种作业方式下各风险体系指标变化权重,描述LNG动力船航行过程中LNG使用和船舶航行发生事故概率及后果;通过引入云模型,综合计算2种作业方式下概率及后果组合风险,并采用灰云推理2种作业方式同时存在时LNG动力船航行过程风险。结果表明:LNG动力船航行过程中LNG使用和船舶航行风险耦合,风险程度受控;二维灰云模型可有效分析多维属性下风险评估问题,以及不同作业下风险耦合作用。研究结果可为船舶航行过程风险定量评估提供依据。     

Driver engagement in distracting activities and the strategies used to minimise risk

This project used an internet survey of 287 Victorian drivers to quantify the extent to which drivers reportedly engage in a range of potentially distracting activities; the factors that influence their willingness to engage; and the strategies they use, if any, to manage distraction. Almost 60% of drivers use a mobile phone while driving and over one third use the phone in hand-held mode. A high proportion of drivers use audio entertainment systems, but relatively few use in-vehicle visual displays such as DVD players. Driver engagement in non-technology-based activities, such as eating, drinking, smoking and reading is also prevalent. Young drivers (18–25 yrs) were significantly more likely to report engaging in certain distracting activities, such as using a mobile phone, CD player and eating and drinking, than their middle-age (26–54 yrs) and older (55+ yrs) counterparts. Most drivers (84%) believe that their driving is less safe when engaged in distracting tasks and take steps to avoid distraction. The survey results provide valuable data to help target distraction policy and countermeasures that build upon the self-regulatory strategies already used by some drivers.     

Driver personality characteristics related to self-reported accident involvement and mobile phone use while driving

A causal model was developed in this study to clarify the effect of mobile phone use on driving safety. Based on the model, a series of questionnaires were developed, and 194 car drivers were interviewed based on these questionnaires. Results showed that perceived risk and mobile phone usage habits varied with different individual traits. Drivers who were prone to accidents revealed a lower perception of safety risks and a higher self-reported accident rate resulting from mobile phone use than those who were not accident-prone. Aggressive drivers were found to use mobile phones more frequently while driving but had a similar accident rate to non-aggressive drivers. Frequency in mobile phone use while driving significantly increased among aggressive male drivers regardless of accident proneness. Findings from this study imply that the perceived risk of drivers might be an ignored but important factor in the relationship between mobile phone use and driving safety. Because of the difficulty in practically identifying who is accident-prone or not, this study suggests that overall prohibition in mobile phone use while driving is needed to reduce the corresponding number of traffic accidents.     

不同警告方式下驾驶人应激反应能力模拟试验研究

为研究在道路突发危险场景下先进驾驶辅助系统的不同警告方式对驾驶人应激反应能力的影响，利用自主开发的驾驶人应激反应能力测试软件，以计算机模拟与驾驶模拟器为试验平台，以实际驾驶视频为试验场景，选取操作准确率和反应时间为测试指标，分析不同警告方式下驾驶人的应激反应能力。研究结果表明:视觉警告可有效缩短应激反应时间；视听觉组合警告中，视觉警告占主导作用，听觉警告起辅助作用；在真实场景视频试验环境下，驾驶模拟器模拟试验的操作效果优于计算机模拟试验。     

Are cellular phone blocking applications effective for novice teen drivers?

ProblemDistracted driving is a significant concern for novice teen drivers. Although cellular phone bans are applied in many jurisdictions to restrict cellular phone use, teen drivers often report making calls and texts while driving.MethodThe Minnesota Teen Driver Study incorporated cellular phone blocking functions via a software application for 182 novice teen drivers in two treatment conditions. The first condition included 92 teens who ran a driver support application on a smartphone that also blocked phone usage. The second condition included 90 teens who ran the same application with phone blocking but which also reported back to parents about monitored risky behaviors (e.g., speeding). A third control group consisting of 92 novice teen drivers had the application and phone-based software installed on the phones to record cellular phone (but not block it) use while driving.ResultsThe two treatment groups made significantly fewer calls and texts per mile driven compared to the control group. The control group data also demonstrated a higher propensity to text while driving rather than making calls.DiscussionSoftware that blocks cellular phone use (except 911) while driving can be effective at mitigating calling and texting for novice teen drivers. However, subjective data indicates that some teens were motivated to find ways around the software, as well as to use another teen's phone while driving when they were unable to use theirs.Practical applicationsCellular phone bans for calling and texting are the first step to changing behaviors associated with texting and driving, particularly among novice teen drivers. Blocking software has the additional potential to reduce impulsive calling and texting while driving among novice teen drivers who might logically know the risks, but for whom it is difficult to ignore calling or texting while driving.     

Real-world effects of using a phone while driving on lateral and longitudinal control of vehicles

IntroductionTechnologies able to augment human communication, such as smartphones, are increasingly present during all daily activities. Their use while driving, in particular, is of great potential concern, because of the high risk that distraction poses during this activity. Current countermeasures to distraction from phone use are considerably different across countries and not always widely accepted/adopted by the drivers.MethodsThis study utilized naturalistic driving data collected from 108 drivers in the Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS) program in 2009 and 2010 to assess the extent to which using a phone changes lateral or longitudinal control of a vehicle. The IVBSS study included drivers from three age groups: 20–30 (younger), 40–50 (middle-aged), and 60–70 (older).ResultsResults from this study show that younger drivers are more likely to use a phone while driving than older and middle-aged drivers. Furthermore, younger drivers exhibited smaller safety margins while using a phone. Nevertheless, younger drivers did not experience more severe lateral/longitudinal threats than older and middle-aged drivers, probably because of faster reaction times. While manipulating the phone (i.e., dialing, texting), drivers exhibited larger lateral safety margins and experienced less severe lateral threats than while conversing on the phone. Finally, longitudinal threats were more critical soon after phone interaction, suggesting that drivers terminate phone interactions when driving becomes more demanding.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that drivers are aware of the potential negative effect of phone use on their safety. This awareness guides their decision to engage/disengage in phone use and to increase safety margins (self-regulation). This compensatory behavior may be a natural countermeasure to distraction that is hard to measure in controlled studies.Practical ApplicationsIntelligent systems able to amplify this natural compensatory behavior may become a widely accepted/adopted countermeasure to the potential distraction from phone operation while driving.     

Effects of mobile phone use on driving performance in a multiresource workload scenario

Objective: This study explores the influence of mobile phone secondary tasks on driving from the perspective of visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor (VACP) multiple resource theory, and it is anticipated to benefit the human-centered design of mobile phone use while driving.

Methods: The present study investigated 6 typical phone use scenarios while driving and analyzed the effects of phone use distractions on driving performance. Thirty-six participants were recruited to participate in this experiment. We abandoned traditional secondary tasks such as conversations or dialing, in which cognitive resources can become interference. Instead, we adopted an arrow secondary task and an n-back delayed digit recall task.

Results: The results show that all mobile phone use scenarios have a significant influence on driving performance, especially on lateral vehicle control. The visual plus psychomotor resource occupation scenario demonstrated the greatest deterioration of driving performance, and there was a significant deterioration of driving speed and steering wheel angle once the psychomotor resource was occupied.

Conclusions: Phone use distraction leads to visual, cognitive, and/or motor resource functional limitations and thus causes lane violations and traffic accidents.