竖直分支管道泄爆开启压力对甲烷爆燃压力的影响研究

针对市政排污管网等典型受限空间内可燃气体爆燃风险,建立由水平管道和竖直分支管道构成的数值模型,研究竖直分支管道不同泄爆开启压力对甲烷爆燃压力的影响.研究结果表明:不同泄爆开启压力条件下,管道内存在爆燃压力积聚和泄放的双重效应;水平管道内各测点压力时程曲线均表现为先增大后减小而后出现亥姆霍兹振荡,随着与爆源距离的增加,初...     

Decomposing detonation and deflagration properties of ozone/oxygen mixtures

In this study, the decomposing detonation and deflagration properties of ozone/oxygen mixtures of up to 20 vol.% of ozone in oxygen under high pressure of up to 1.0 MPa in a tube were experimentally investigated. The mixtures were ignited by an electric spark at the end of the tube. Flame propagation properties such as flame velocity and pressure were measured with thermocouples and piezo electric transducers mounted along the tube. Slow and constant flame propagation profiles were obtained. We also investigated the quenching ability of a wire gauze as well as the concentration limit for flame propagation. However, in spite of slow flame propagation velocity and easy flame quenching properties under these experimental conditions, direct initiation of detonation by the driver detonation of the stoichiometric oxy-hydrogen mixture was easily achieved at much lower concentrations than the limit of deflagration. The observed detonation properties, such as wave velocity and pressure, agreed fairly well with C–J calculated values. The detonation velocity (900–1200 m/s) and the pressure ratio to initial pressures (5–9.5) were not affected by the initial pressure of the mixtures. Near the detonation limit, typical spinning detonations with oscillatory pressure waves were observed.     

Investigations on explosion characteristics of ethyl acetate

In this study, the confined explosion characteristics of ethyl acetate were investigated in a constant volume explosion vessel using the initial pressure of 1–4 bar, the initial temperature of 358–418 K, and the equivalence ratio of 0.8–1.4. It was revealed that the peak explosion pressure and the maximum pressure rise rate of ethyl acetate increased as the initial pressure increased and the initial temperature decreased. The peak explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate were obtained at the equivalence ratio of 1.2 due to increased heat release rate. Furthermore, the explosion time decreased as the initial pressure decreased. In summation, EA experimental and theoretical deflagration index were investigated and compared. The experimental deflagration index showed that EA explosion was less dangerous, whereas the theoretical deflagration predicted that the explosion could be more hazardous.     

基于详细化学动力学的甲烷热着火影响因素分析

利用化学动力学软件CHEMKIN4.1,在不同初始温度、浓度、湿度和压强下,对甲烷热着火进行了详细化学动力学 模拟。通过对主要组分摩尔浓度分析和温度敏感性分析,得到了甲烷热着火过程的主要基元反应和引发热着火发生的主 要原因。通过对甲烷热着火的延迟时间、热着火发生后主要生成物摩尔浓度和反应后的温度的对比分析,揭示了初始浓 度、湿度和压强对甲烷热着火的影响规律。本研究可以为甲烷为主的气体如瓦斯、天然气等可燃气体的燃烧和爆炸提供 理论支撑,从而有效利用这些可燃气体,降低灾害的发生。     

初始扰动对CO2抑制瓦斯爆炸特性研究*

为了预防实际生产过程中发生的瓦斯爆炸事故,利用20 L球形爆炸装置,通过改变粉尘仓充压压力产生不同的扰动,研究9.5%CH4浓度下不同扰动条件对CO2抑爆特性的影响。通过对所得参数进行分析,得到CO2抑爆特性与初始扰动的关系。研究结果表明:相较于均匀静置状态,初始扰动的存在均能提高CH4的爆炸强度,当引发初始扰动的粉尘仓压力为1.5 MPa时,最大爆炸压力达到0.78 MPa;随CO2浓度增大,爆炸强度整体下降,呈二次下降趋势、最大爆炸压力时间呈上升趋势,且各初始扰动压力间爆炸强度均大于均匀静置状态、最大爆炸压力时间小于均匀静置状态;同时利用CHEMKIN软件得到绝热平衡压力,计算热损失参数发现,同一气体混合比例工况下,初始扰动状态的热损失及热损失分数明显低于均匀静置状态的,且当CO2浓度为15%时,差距最大,不同初始扰动间热损失及热损失分数最小值分别为0.013 19 kJ/m2,17.9%,远小于静置状态下0.036 29 kJ/m2,46.4%,说明初始扰动对于CO2抑爆效果存在削弱作用。     

亚硝酸乙酯分解危险性研究

为了了解亚硝酸乙酯的分解危险性,通过微量热仪研究并确定了亚硝酸乙酯的分解热、起始分解温度、峰值温度等基础数据;通过爆轰管研究并确定了不同温度下亚硝酸乙酯的分解临界压力,对比了氮气和一氧化碳的稀释效果。研究表明:亚硝酸乙酯分解临界压力较低易发生分解,亚硝酸乙酯的分解会降低偶联反应的选择性,甚至造成装置的非计划停车。因此,为避免亚硝酸乙酯发生分解爆炸,建议严格按照亚硝酸乙酯分解物性操作。     

超临界流体技术制备超细近球形CL-20的研究

为克服超细炸药加工过程中容易团聚的缺点,并提高产品使用安全性,本文采用超临界气体抗溶剂(简称GAS)技术对六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(简称CL-20)超细化结晶和晶形控制进行研究,分析了系统温度、溶液初始浓度、压力及升压速率对CL-20粒径和形貌的影响。用光学显微镜对超临界技术处理前后的粒径和晶形进行了观察,发现经过处理后的粒径变小、晶形趋于球形。对处理前样品与处理后产品进行性能测试,结果表明处理后产品的撞击感度明显降低。     

炼油火炬系统水封罐设计压力研究

水封罐作为炼油火炬系统防止回火爆炸的重要安全设施,其设计应能保证在发生回火爆炸事故时不被破坏。采用数值模拟技术,利用FLACS工具,建立水封罐三维模型,模拟计算水封罐内的典型气体爆炸,据此提出水封罐的设计压力。结果表明:烃类气体(如甲烷、丙烷)在水封罐密闭空间内发生爆炸产生的压力为气体初始压力(绝压)的7~8倍,氢气爆炸产生的压力为气体初始压力(绝压)的10~12倍。对于炼油火炬系统,建议富氢气体排放系统的水封罐设计压力不低于1.0MPa(绝压),一般烃类火炬气排放系统的水封罐设计压力不低于0.7MPa(绝压)。     

瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及抑爆方法研究进展

为探究瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及抑爆机理,本文通过一系列实验,研究瓦斯、煤尘爆炸的速度和温度等特征,提出利用图像相关系数法和辐射测温原理计算火焰传播速度及温度场变化,定量分析影响煤尘爆炸的因素以及产物变化规律,揭示煤尘爆炸的宏微观机制。结果表明:火焰分形维数可以用来反应瓦斯爆炸强度,即当分形维数更接近2.2937时爆炸反应最为强烈,其爆炸过程中自由基最终生成浓度与CH 4初始浓度呈倒U型关系;当量比对煤粉火焰爆炸压力及速度也有一定影响,在最佳当量比的2倍左右时可以达到最大爆炸压力和最大火焰传播速度。另外本文亦采用泡沫陶瓷对瓦斯的多次爆炸和连续爆炸进行抑爆,发现不同厚度和孔隙的泡沫陶瓷具有不同的抑制效果,孔隙较大的泡沫陶瓷对爆炸能量有较好的抑制作用。     

气体密度和初压对炸药爆炸压力衰减的影响*

为研究气体密度和初压对爆炸压力的影响,以球形装药为例,在LS-DYNA中模拟不同气体密度、环境初压和真空度条件的TNT炸药爆炸,分析空气冲击波的形成过程和衰减规律。研究结果表明:在爆炸初期冲击波的波阵面位于爆炸产物边界,产物压力与冲击波压力存在强耦合作用;随着爆炸产物自身压力下降,其膨胀速度减慢,冲击波开始与爆炸产物分离,当产物中心压力下降为环境初压时,冲击波与爆炸产物彻底分离,其后以空气冲击波的形式独立传播。降低气体密度可以通过抑制冲击波形成,大幅降低爆炸压力;减小环境初压则通过加快冲击波的衰减速度,也可以在一定程度上降低爆炸压力。相较于单独改变密度和压力,提高真空度对冲击波压力的减小效果更好;近真空环境下无法形成空气冲击波,爆炸压力衰减速度快。     

圆管状隔爆产品爆炸压力测试实验研究

为了研究隔爆产品内部的爆炸压力,选取了圆管状隔爆产品,设计了隔爆产品爆炸压力测试装置,测试记录了在常温和低温2种环境温度下,乙烯和氢气2种典型可燃性气体在不同内部结构的隔爆产品中的爆炸压力。研究结果表明:相同初始压力条件下,温度越低,气体的爆炸压力越大;在国际标准推荐的试验条件下,低浓度乙烯可以产生与高浓度氢气相同的爆炸压力;隔爆产品结构的变化会导致压力重叠的现象,显著影响爆炸压力的大小。     

不同温度下煤粒瓦斯扩散特性试验研究与数值模拟

为探索温度对煤粒瓦斯扩散特性的影响,利用瓦斯吸附/扩散仪分别对不同温度下的等温吸附,同温同压初始条件下的煤粒升温瓦斯扩散,同压不同温初始条件下的恒温煤粒瓦斯扩散进行试验研究。试验结果表明:同温同压初始条件下的等效扩散系数随温度升高呈指数关系增大。同压不同温初始条件下的恒温综合扩散系数随温度升高呈先增大后降低的变化趋势。温度升高时,温度与初始吸附量对综合扩散系数具有相反的影响作用趋势。不同温度下,相同时间内的扩散量取决于二者的配比关系。建立温度影响下的理论扩散方程,数值模拟不同温度下的全过程扩散特征。计算结果表明:随着时间延长,各温度下的恒温扩散曲线呈多点交叉状态,符合试验关系。     

基于缓和原则的粉尘爆炸风险控制研究

为了将本质安全原理中的缓和原则与粉尘爆炸事故的风险控制联系起来,利用Swiek20 L球形爆炸装置考察了烟煤粉、甘薯粉和镁粉的最大爆炸压力、最大爆压上升速率和爆炸下限等特性,重点考察了点火能量、环境压力以及添加惰化剂等因素的影响。结果表明:降低点火能量能有效缩减粉尘可燃浓度范围,提高粉尘爆炸下限;爆炸危害正相关于环境压力;碳酸钙和碳酸氢钠能有效抑制烟煤尘爆炸,且碳酸钙抑爆效果更好;氯化钾对镁尘爆炸动力学特性的抑制效果更好,而碳酸钙对镁尘爆炸热力学特性的抑制效果更好,且小粒径的惰化剂表现出更好的抑爆炸能力。降低点火能量、控制环境压力和添加惰化剂均可降低粉尘爆炸危害,有助于控制粉尘爆炸风险。     

非金属管道微小泄漏动力学数值模拟和试验对比

为了探索非金属输送管道泄漏规律,从数值模拟和试验两个角度,对液体PE管道发生泄漏前后管道内流体与泄漏口的流动状态进行了对比分析,为判定管道泄漏提供了依据。运用FLUENT软件针对PE液体管道泄漏,在不同孔径、不同压力下,构建管道泄漏模型分别进行仿真,分析不同泄漏情景下压力梯度的分布规律。同时在近似相同条件下进行PE管道两点泄漏模拟试验。结果显示:数值模拟与试验结果基本一致,泄漏孔处压力、流速均与管内初始压力成正相关;初始压力和孔径的增大,会导致管内压力下降速度上升,但最终会趋于稳定值。     

真三轴加卸载煤样声发射长程相关性特征

为模拟井下应力条件，设计固定轴压卸围压试验，得到煤样破裂过程的声发射结果，并计算不同初始围压及不同卸载速率条件下声发射时间序列的长程相关性特征，以期对煤岩体的破裂做出预警。研究结果表明:不同初始围压及不同卸载速率下声发射实验结果类似，根据声发射累计计数可将声发射变化过程分为线性增长期、平静期以及指数增长期，可以很好地反应煤样的破裂过程；随初始围压和卸载速率的增大，声发射时间序列的Hurst指数随之增大，正相关性增强；Hurst指数与分形维数的动态变化与煤样的失稳破裂过程良好对应，且不同初始围压及卸载速率下，Hurst指数与分形维数的动态变化规律类似，说明其声发射时间序列的宏观产生机制具有内在统一性，可将接近破裂荷载时Hurst指数的增大与分形维数的减小作为煤样失稳破裂的前兆信息。     

初始温度和初始压力对气体爆轰参数影响的研究

利用已有的气体爆炸模型和包含初始压力、初始温度的气体爆轰参数的计算公式,从理论上研究初始压力和初始温度对气体爆轰参数的影响情况。使用VisualBasic语言编写计算程序,将计算值与文献值进行对比,具有较好的一致性。以甲烷-空气混合物为例,计算在98000Pa,280～400K及298K,0.1～0.5MPa的气体爆轰参数。计算结果表明,初始压力一定,混合物的爆轰压随初始温度的升高而减小,爆轰波速增大;初始温度一定,混合物的爆轰压随初始压力的增大而增大,爆轰波速基本不变;在初始温度和初始压力两个影响因素中,初始压力对混合物爆轰参数的影响明显大于初始温度。     

Effect of initial temperature on the explosion pressure of various liquid fuels and their blends

In this work, the effect of initial temperature on the explosion pressure, P_ex, of various liquid fuels (isooctane, toluene and methanol) and their blends (isooctane-toluene and methanol-toluene, with three different fuel-fuel ratios) was investigated by performing experiments in a 20-l sphere at different concentrations of vaporized fuel in air. The initial temperature was varied from 333 K to 413 K.Results show that, as the fuel-air equivalence ratio, Φ, is increased, a transition occurs from a “thermodynamics-driven” explosion regime to a “radiant heat losses-driven” explosion regime. The maximum pressure, P_max, is found in the former regime (Φ < 3), which is characterized by a trend of decreasing P_ex with increasing initial temperature. This trend has been explained by thermodynamics. In the latter regime (Φ > 3), P_ex increases with increasing initial temperature. This trend has been addressed to the decrease in emissivity (and, thus, radiant heat losses) with the increase in temperature.     

Comparative study of explosion processes controlled by homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion mechanisms

The dust explosion behaviors induced by two different combustion mechanisms (homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms) were comparatively investigated, based on the experiments under different dust concentrations, particle sizes and initial pressures in Siwek 20-L chamber. Based on the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), sweet potato dust and magnesium dust were selected as the representative dusts with homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion mechanisms, respectively. Experiments find that these two dusts have different behaviors in the explosion kinetics due to different combustion mechanisms. For sweet potato dust, the explosion pressure p_max, the pressure rise rate (dp/dt)_max and the combustion fraction η exhibit similar variation trends as dust concentration increases and they all reach to the maximum values at the worst-case concentration; while for magnesium dust, the variation of (dp/dt)_max is somewhat different from that of p_max, that is, the (dp/dt)_max will achieve the maximum at the concentration higher than the worst-case and keep stabilized with further increase of dust concentration. As the particle size decreases, the (dp/dt)_max for sweet potato dust will increasingly rise and gradually approach to a stabilized value, but for magnesium dust, the increase of (dp/dt)_max becomes pronounced only in the range of smaller particle sizes. To account the effect of initial pressure on p_max under different combustion mechanisms, a dimensionless pressure P_R was introduced to denote the relative intensity of explosion. It is found that, for sweet potato dust, the increased initial pressure will promote the explosion process (or with high P_R) for the dust cloud with high concentration due to the augmented oxygen concentration, but for the dust cloud with low concentration, the increased initial pressure will suppress the explosion process due to the increased resistance in devolatilization. For magnesium dust, the rise of initial pressure will generally promote the explosion process even for the dust cloud with low concentration; however, in the case of small particle size, the promotion of increased initial pressure to the explosion process is not so pronounced.     

循环载荷下煤样不同方向渗透特性试验研究

针对循环采动过程中煤层不同方向渗透特征的演化规律问题，以平顶山十二矿己15煤层煤样为研究对象，利用自行研制的应力-渗流-解吸煤体变形试验装置，开展了循环围压加载下煤样不同方向渗透试验。研究结果表明:在相同的轴压、围压和平均孔隙压力下，试样平行层理面方向的渗透率大于垂直层理，平行层理面内的渗透率相差不大。在围压恒定的情况下，通过试样的流量随着渗透压差的增大而增大，且二者之间的关系可以用二次函数描述；围压增加，导致裂隙闭合，渗透率减小，当循环围压大于煤屈服强度和抗压强度时，裂隙扩展，渗透率增加；循环围压加载可以改变煤样原有不同方向渗透率大小顺序，渗透率与原初始渗透率比值随循环加载次数的增加而增大。     

饱和层状尾砂动力特性研究*

为探究动力作用下尾砂液化破坏特性,基于某矿山尾矿库坝体分层尾砂,开展不同固结应力和层状结构条件下动三轴试验,分析层状尾砂动弹性模量、阻尼比及动剪应力比等动力参数与动孔压的变化规律。结果表明:固结应力对层状尾砂力学特性和动孔压变化趋势有较大影响,固结应力越大,动孔压增长越明显,初始增长斜率随固结应力增大而下降;尾粉土厚度一定时,固结应力越大,层状尾砂动剪应力比越小;固结应力为常数时,层状尾砂动剪应力比随尾粉土厚度增加先增大后减小,当尾粉土厚度为0,20,40,80 mm时,对应动剪应力比分别为0.33,0.35,0.38,0.28;尾粉土对孔隙水压力阻隔作用比尾细砂更明显,试样破坏所需振次随尾粉土厚度增加而增加。研究结果可为高烈度地震区尾矿坝地震液化研究提供理论参考。