高原公路纵坡路段驾驶员心率变化特性分析

为掌握高原公路纵坡路段驾驶员心率变化特征,使道路线形参数选择得更合理、更有利于安全行车,利用生物反馈仪在海拔3 000 m以上的高原公路进行驾驶员行车试验。通过定量分析,确定了高原公路纵坡路段影响驾驶员心率变化的主要因素,并分别建立驾驶员心率增长率与纵坡高程、坡度的关系模型,以及纵坡高程、坡度与心率增长率的二元回归模型。分析结果表明,驾驶员心率变化随海拔升高而增大,心率增长率约在海拔3 600 m后呈加速增加趋势;驾驶员心率变化随道路纵坡度增大而增大,上坡时(正)坡度、下坡时(负)坡度增加均会导致心率增长率增加;在海拔和坡度的共同作用下驾驶员心率变化更为明显,海拔越高、坡度越大,心率增长率越大。     

连续长坡路段驾驶员心率与平曲线半径关系研究

为研究公路连续长坡路段驾驶员心率与曲线半径的关系,提高行车安全,选取9名驾驶员进行实际道路试验.用多导生理记录仪采集驾驶员的心率数据,按上、下坡方向将试验路段的每个曲线划分为7个位置,分别对上、下坡方向每个位置驾驶员的心率增长率和曲线半径的关系进行回归分析,建立相应的模型,并对每个位置的模型进行分析,提出合理的曲线半径设置建议.综合上、下坡方向各位置的曲线半径研究结论提出合理的曲线半径取值建议,公路连续长坡路段曲线半径在r≥900 m和200 m≤r≤300 m内取值.     

基于心率指标的山区三级公路安全坡度研究

为研究驾驶员心率与山区公路纵断面坡度及车速间的关系,随机选取26名驾驶员在山区三级公路进行实车试验。利用动态生理仪采集驾驶员行车时的心率数据,GPS采集试验车辆的实时车速数据;通过偏相关分析,确定出影响驾驶员在山区公路纵坡路段行车时心率变化的主要因素,并建立上坡方向行车时驾驶员心率增长率与坡度及速度的关系模型。分析结果表明:上坡方向行车时,驾驶员的心率增长率随坡度增大而增加、随速度的增加而增大;因此,考虑驾驶员的舒适性和安全性,建议山区双车道三级公路上坡方向最大安全坡度不宜超过6.8%。     

驾驶员脑电特性与高原公路线形关系的试验分析

为探讨高原公路线形对驾驶员心理和生理特性的影响,利用生物反馈系统对急进高原公路的驾驶员进行实地行车试验。通过定量分析,分别建立驾驶员β频段脑电(EEG)信号变化值与试验路段海拔、道路线形之间的关系模型。分析结果表明:高原公路驾驶员行车时的β频段脑电信号变化值随路段海拔的升高而增大,它与道路平曲线半径成负相关;纵坡度的变化对β频段脑电信号变化值的影响不显著,线形组合值的增加会导致脑电波频段功率值上升;海拔和线形组合值同时作用时,驾驶员的脑电波频段功率值变化更加显著。     

基于驾驶员心率和速度差的高速公路纵坡度研究*

为减少高速公路纵坡路段的事故发生率,利用心生理检测仪采集驾驶员心率数据,使用V-Box采集道路高程和车辆实时速度数据,采用偏相关分析确定影响驾驶员心率增长率和速度差的显著性因素,分别构建驾驶员心率增长率和速度差与坡度之间的关系模型,通过心率增长率阈值和运行速度协调性,从驾驶舒适性角度确定安全坡度范围。研究结果表明:在纵坡路段行车时,驾驶员心率增长率随坡度增大而增加,速度差随坡度增大而增大,坡长与驾驶员心率增长率和速度差呈弱相关;设计车速为100 km/h的高速公路,上坡坡度应小于等于3.7%,下坡坡度应小于等于3.3%,因此建议纵坡坡度小于等于3.3%为宜。研究结果可为高速公路交通安全和人性化设计提供理论依据。     

高原公路线形组合路段驾驶员心率变化特性试验分析

为了掌握驾驶员在高原环境下行车时的心理和生理反应状况,提高高原公路行车安全性,利用生物反馈仪等设备对314国道高原路段上行车的驾驶员进行实地行车检测。在理论分析的基础上,整理分析实测数据,建立驾驶员心率增长率和高原区公路线形组合、海拔之间的关系模型。分析结果表明,驾驶员的心率增长率会随着海拔的升高而增高;上行和下行时,线形组合值的增大均导致驾驶员心率增长率的增加,并且增加的趋势基本保持一致;海拔和线形2因素一起作用时,驾驶员心率变化更显著,海拔越高、线形组合值越大,驾驶员心率增长率越大。     

海底隧道入口段驾驶员眼动特征分析*

为研究海底隧道入口段驾驶员眼动特征,以海底隧道收费站至入口为研究对象,运用Facelab5.0眼动仪和录像机等设备,采集真实状态下驾驶员眼动特征、行车速度和行车位置数据,并依据道路线形、车辆行车特征和路段标志标线设置,将收费站至入口划分为提速驶离段、换道减速段、缓和段和过渡段（入口段）,分析各区段驾驶员眼动特征及车速变化规律,并建立相应数学模型。研究结果表明:驾驶员驾车通过换道减速段和过渡段时,分别受交织车流与黑洞效应影响,行车速度减小、眼睑闭合度下降、眨眼频率增大;驾驶员行经入口段,车速呈上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势,眼睑闭合度呈增大-减小-增大-减小的趋势,眨眼频率呈减小-增大-减小-增大的趋势,且受交织车流与黑洞效应的影响显著。     

擦亮生命安全的指示灯

福建漳州往龙岩的高速公路,有一段叫"和溪"的路段,该段高速公路因受山区地形限制,有连续14公里的长下坡,路形弯曲、复杂,路段纵坡度高达5.8%,临近长下坡坡度设计的极限。自通车以来,常有大型货车因下长坡制动失效,冲出路面,车毁人亡,因此被人     

村镇道路会车特性与驾驶员心生理变化关系研究

为提高村镇道路行车安全性,实地检测村镇道路会车过程中车速和驾驶员的心生理反应参数,融合交通工程学、心理学和人因工程学的基础理论,探究会车过程中车辆的运行特性与驾驶员心率变化间的关系。首先整体分析试验中所有会车过程的行车状态,然后分析直线段上单次会车过程中车速变化与心率增长率的关系,最后分析曲线段上车速、心率增长率与平曲线半径的关系。结果表明:在村镇道路上,驾驶员会车时存在明显的紧张行为;在会车时域内车速、驾驶员心率增长率呈U型变化,且两者变化趋势相反;会车时的车速随道路平曲线半径的增加而增大,心率增长率随平曲线半径的增加而减小。     

高原公路低氧路段驾驶疲劳脑电信号检测分析

为了解驾驶员在高原低氧路段的疲劳程度,以寻求缓解驾驶疲劳提高行车安全的途径,利用生物反馈检测仪分别对初次与经常进入高原公路低氧路段的驾驶员进行实地行车试验。通过对比不同海拔高度受测驾驶员脑电(EEG)变化特征,选取脑电8~13频段与14~30频段的平均功率比值R作为评价驾驶员疲劳时脑电特性指标R,定量分析海拔、连续驾驶时间对R的影响,同时建立R与海拔、连续驾驶时间之间的关系模型。研究表明:海拔与连续驾驶时间是影响驾驶员疲劳的主要因素,R随着海拔的升高与连续驾驶时间的增长而逐渐变大。初次在高原低氧路段行车的驾驶员表现出的疲劳感强于经常在高原低氧路段行车的驾驶员。     

Driving performance while using cell phones: an observational study

INTRODUCTION: Through spontaneous driving observations, this study sought to examine the impact of using a hands-free cell phone while driving on speed and safe gap keeping behaviors. The study also examined the association between the measure of disturbance created by using a cell phone and the driver's awareness of the disturbance. METHOD: Twenty-three male adults were observed while driving for an hour and a half each; drivers were unaware of being observed. During the session, each of the participants received a phone call, initiated by an associate of the observer. The experiment was divided into two periods during which the experimental parameters were monitored: 10 minutes during conversation on a cell phone and 10 minutes of non-conversation on a hands-free cell phone. After the experiment, the driver was questioned concerning the extent to which his/her driving was disturbed by the cell phone conversation. RESULTS: T-test for matched samples revealed that the gaps between the drivers' cars and those in front of them diminished when drivers were engaged in the cell phone conversations. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that drivers that had short conversations did not change their speed, while drivers who were engaged in long (over 16 minutes) conversations drove faster. No effect of drivers' awareness toward cell phone-related disturbance on actual driving behavior monitored in the present study was found.     

Driving circumstances and accidents among novice drivers

OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the accident risk of certain driving circumstances and driving motives among novice drivers. METHODS: Self-reported exposure and accidents according to driving circumstances and driving motives were compared between young (n = 6,847) and middle-aged (n = 942) male and female novice drivers. For young drivers, self-reported accidents were further compared to fatal accidents (n = 645) in terms of the driving conditions in which they occurred. The survey was conducted in 2002 and the questions regarding the quantity and quality of driving exposure and accidents covered the first four years of the novice drivers' driving career after licensing. Data on fatal accidents related to the period of 1990 to 2000. RESULTS: Leisure-time driving, driving just for fun, and driving with passengers and during evenings and at night was more typical for young drivers than for middle-aged drivers. For middle-aged drivers, the most typical driving was driving to or from work. Driving on errands was more typical for females than males. Nighttime driving was overrepresented in young drivers' self-reported and fatal accidents, compared to the share of young drivers' driving at night. Slippery road conditions were over-represented in young male drivers' self-reported accidents, but not in their fatal accidents, whereas for young females slippery road conditions seemed to increase the propensity of fatal accidents. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that some driving conditions increase the risk of certain types of accidents among certain driver groups, but not among all drivers. For example, slippery road conditions were overrepresented in young male drivers' minor (self-reported) accidents, but not in their fatal accidents. For young female drivers slippery road conditions seem to increase the propensity of fatal accidents. Driving circumstances are different in minor (self-reported) and fatal accidents. When drawing conclusions regarding accident risk, it is important to determine the seriousness of the accidents which take place.     

Cell phones and driving: review of research

OBJECTIVE: The research literature on drivers' use of cell phones was reviewed to identify trends in drivers' phone use and to determine the state of knowledge about the safety consequences of such use. METHODS: Approximately 125 studies were reviewed with regard to the research questions, type and rigor of the methods, and findings. Reviewed studies included surveys of drivers, experiments, naturalistic studies (continuous recording of everyday driving by drivers in instrumented vehicles), studies of crash risk, and evaluations of laws limiting drivers' phone use. RESULTS: Observational surveys indicate drivers commonly use cell phones and that such use is increasing. Drivers report they usually use hand-held phones. Experimental studies have found that simulated or instrumented driving tasks, or driving while being observed, are compromised by tasks intended to replicate phone conversations, whether using hand-held or hands-free phones, and may be further compromised by the physical distraction of handling phones. Effects of phone use on driving performance when drivers are in their own vehicles are unknown. With representative samples of adequate size, naturalistic studies in the future may provide the means to document the patterns and circumstances of drivers' phone use and their effects on real-world driving. Currently, the best studies of crash risk used cell phone company billing records to verify phone use by crash-involved drivers. Two such studies found a fourfold increase in the risk of a property-damage-only crash and the risk of an injury crash associated with phone use; increased risk was similar for males and females, younger and older drivers, and hands-free and hand-held phones. A number of jurisdictions in the United States and around the world have made it illegal for drivers to use hand-held phones. Studies of these laws show only limited compliance and unclear effects on safety.CONCLUSIONS: Even if total compliance with bans on drivers' hand-held cell phone use can be achieved, crash risk will remain to the extent that drivers continue to use or switch to hands-free phones. Although the enactment of laws limiting drivers' use of all phones is consistent with research findings, it is unclear how such laws could be enforced. At least in the short term, it appears that drivers' phone use will continue to increase, despite the growing evidence of the risk it creates. More effective countermeasures are needed but are not known at this time.     

新驾驶员反应特性分析

新驾驶员是交通事故的频发人群,并与其驾驶反应特性有关。笔者对96名(男75名,女21名)新驾驶员(驾龄≤3年)的反应时进行测试,与一定样本量(83名)的对照组相应指标作比较,其结果表明:对于简单反应时间,由于信息复杂度低,受试组和对照组未能表现出显著差异;当加大信息复杂度时(3光复合刺激),两组间反应时差异较为显著(p<0.01),即新驾驶员的反应能力较对照组差;应当有针对性地对新驾驶员进行反应时训练以增加其驾车安全性。     

夜间动态环境中空间距离驾驶员判识变化

为研究驾驶员在夜间地面动态环境中距离判识变化的规律,改进行车安全.选取32名驾驶员进行实际道路试验.被试在自车行进方向不同的深度距离、车速下,判识前方障碍物的绝对距离和相对距离.统计距离判识值,得出夜间距离判识值数据分布,取得距离判识特征值.回归分析判识距离与速度的关系,建立障碍物判识变化的数学模型.比较昼夜距离判识差异,分析其对夜间行车安伞的影响.结果表明:在车辆行驶深度方向,夜间距离判识值随速度增加而不断下降,两者之间呈负指数关系;在相同深度距离和速度下,夜间判识距离大于昼间;夜间行车时,需适当降低车速,确保有效的安伞距离.     

基于计划行为理论的侵犯驾驶行为研究

从社会心理学的角度,通过问卷调查的方式,对驾驶员侵犯驾驶行为的产生动机进行分析;基于计划行为理论,研究构建了能揭示驾驶态度与行为关系的理论模型,并得出驾驶员对侵犯驾驶行为的态度、主观标准、知觉行为可控性等心理因素,通过行为意向的中介作用,对驾驶员实施侵犯驾驶行为具有预测作用的结论。同时,提出了从态度改变、建立社会支持体系、提高驾驶员的自我能力评估等方面入手对驾驶员侵犯驾驶行为进行矫正的策略。     

Post-license education for novice drivers: evaluation of a training programme implemented in Spain

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the implementation of a second phase training program for novice drivers in Spain, which puts the primary focus of the training on the higher hierarchical levels of driver behavior. METHOD: Two hundred and sixty-three participants took part throughout the study, which was implemented as an experimental design with the test and control groups assessed before and after the one day safety training. Measurement of the impact of the training program focused on the participants' self-evaluation and self-reporting of some driving behavior indicators related to accident risk. RESULTS: Data analysis showed a change in the expected direction in the scale related to the skills for careful driving, but not for the other four scales considered. A feedback survey about the training course offered some important input for evaluating the organization, contents, tuition, and results of the three parts of the training program (discussion group, on-road and track training) as reported by the participants in the test group. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS: The results of the experiment show that using a one day driver safety course, it is possible to change some of the drivers' evaluations connected to safe driving style into safe direction. The follow-up period was exceptionally long (9 months) and the design (randomly divided experimental and control groups with before and after measurements) was reliable. More effort should be devoted to improving the on-road part of the training, which was often perceived as a typical driving lesson rather than a feedback drive. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The findings suggest consideration of a mandatory 2nd phase driver training programme as a means to raise awareness of the full range of risks encountered by novice drivers, and as already introduced in 5 EU countries: Austria, Estonia, Finland, Luxembourg and Switzerland.     

基于驾驶操作行为的驾驶员疲劳状态识别模型研究

以驾驶疲劳状态监测为研究对象,介绍现有几种疲劳检测方法及其优缺点,提出把驾驶行为操作和驾驶员生理指标相结合建立疲劳识别模型的思想。通过大量模拟器驾驶实验,建立驾驶操作和驾驶员生理指标之间的关系模型,并运用最小二乘法对数学模型进行了参数识别。利用驾驶员生理指标能较好判别驾驶员状态特性的特点,找出驾驶操作行为和驾驶状态之间的关系。研究结果有助于建立驾驶操作行为和驾驶员疲劳状态之间的关系模型。     

大货车驾驶员交通心理与交通安全的研究

笔者从交通心理学的角度,对大货车驾驶员在行驶过程中的心理状况、因攻击性驾驶行为、强烈的冒险动机的驱使、对道路期望心理的失衡及交通安全感偏差等不良心理因素而导致恶性交通事故进行分析。通过研究得出以下结论大货车驾驶员是一特殊的群体,应重视对该群体的教育、培训与管理,从而提高驾驶员的职业道德水平、性格品质、交通安全感及驾驶技能,以改善道路安全环境和交通安全状况、降低道路交通事故发生率。