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甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯 (MDI)生产过程中涉及到了多种危险有害因素。笔者通过对国内现役MDI生产装置进行调研 ,同时结合国内外其他涉及光气生产厂家的情况 ,分析并指出了生产过程中可能出现的危险有害因素 ,从而提出了相应的对策措施 相似文献
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浅谈光气及光气化生产装置安全和防护措施 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
研究了国内外光气及光气化生产装置光气事故特征,指出事故主要原因是人为失误、设计缺陷和设备及管道腐蚀。结合在国内最大的光气发生及光气化生产装置多年生产实践,分析了可导致光气泄漏的直接危险因素是工艺设计条件、光气滞留量以及装置设计缺陷,包括设备、管道、仪表、自控、联锁等;分析了对光气安全监测和泄漏防护不当,或没有设计二级减缓措施,导致事故一旦发生,不能快速有效监测和得到控制;认为缺乏有效的安全管理和培训机制,违章操作和违章指挥同样可导致事故的发生。上述因素可通过选择合适的工艺路线,严格装置设计条件,增加快速高效的在线监测,切实可行的减缓措施和健全有效的光气安全生产管理5个层次,对光气及光气化生产装置的安全及其防护,提出了解决的办法和可行对策。 相似文献
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在分析某聚氯乙烯厂聚合车间生产系统危险有害因素的基础上,结合我国化工企业安全生产的特点,应用道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法(第7版)对聚合车间聚合、沉析过滤及尾气回收等主要危险工艺单元进行火灾、爆炸危险性评价,并提出了预防事故的安全对策措施. 相似文献
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危险有害因素辨识、危险等级评定与安全对策措施的提出是安全评价的主要任务,是发现危险源头的重要手段.生产过程危险有害因素的辨识工作是一项系统工程,作为安全评价工作的重中之重,辨识的全面与否和深度直接影响评价结果的好坏和措施的针对性.根据危险有害因素存在的特点,从危险源分析人手,同时考虑工艺条件、操作环境、危险故障状态等因素,提出危险辨识的基本要素和流程,从而使辨识人员避免在危险辨识过程中由于操作不规范而发生遗漏的现象发生. 相似文献
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光气是生产异氰酸酯的重要原料,由于毒性较大,使其生产中的安全管理十分重要,不仅要加强装置的本质安全设计,还要突出泄漏后的应急处置。2011年,光气类产品和光气化工艺被国家安全监管总局列入《首批重点监管的危险化学品名录》和《首批重点监管的危险化学品目录》中,实施重点监管。光气有哪些危险特性,对人体有哪些危害,应如何进行安全管理?万一泄漏,如何应急处理?本文对这几方面进行了介绍。光气的特性及应用光气是一种重要的有机中间体, 相似文献
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为了预防喷漆作业过程中事故的发生,根据国家标准《生产过程危险和有害因素分类与代码》,对某企业喷漆作业过程中存在的危险和有害因素进行了辨识,提出了切实可行的安全技术和安全管理方面的对策措施。 相似文献
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从物料分子结构与火灾爆炸性质、化学反应机理、工艺生产过程等学科逐层次对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)生产装置危险有害因素进行定性分析;采用道化学火灾爆炸危险指数法、危险度评价法对装置进行固有危险程度分析;采用挪威DNV公司PHAST软件对环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷等泄漏事故后果进行模拟;提出碳酸二甲酯生产装置安全对策建议措施。 相似文献
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沈郁 《中国安全生产科学技术》2011,7(12):123-129
烷基苯联合装置含有国家安全监管总局首批重点监管的15种危险化工工艺中的加氢工艺、烷基化工艺两种,装置工艺介质为易燃、易爆、有毒及强腐蚀性物质,生产中潜在危险性较大;开展工艺风险研究,落实控制措施,对于提高装置本质安全性具有极为重要意义.首先探讨了工艺危险和要害部位,确认装置主要风险为火灾、爆炸和毒性危害;然后应用HAZOP方法,以加氢反应进料加热炉、烷基化反应器为分析对象,研究了工艺状态参数温度、压力、物料流量等方面出现偏差的原因、后果及安全措施;还对氢气泄漏发生火灾、爆炸和苯泄漏发生火灾、爆炸、人员中毒进行了事故后果定量分析,提出了相应的安全措施,以消除或降低工艺危险,保障装置安全. 相似文献
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Yoshihiko Sato Ken OkadaMiyako Akiyoshi Satoshi MurayamaTakehiro Matsunaga 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(5):558-562
Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis mass spectrometry, adiabatic calorimetry, a gram-scale heating test, and infrared spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the thermal hazards of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and prove the occurrence of a runaway reaction. The self-polymerization of MDI was found to occur at about 340 °C under rapid heating conditions. Carbon dioxide was eliminated and heat was generated to allow polymerization. Under adiabatic and closed conditions, the runaway reaction of MDI can begin at least from 220 °C. Besides it is highly probable that the runaway reaction of MDI can begin from a lower temperature in an actual process scale. More heat was generated than in the previous case and the pressure rose rapidly. A closed 2-mm-thick glass vessel exploded because of the runaway reaction of MDI even if the temperature was lower than 300 °C. Therefore, MDI could cause fatal runaway reactions below 300 °C, where MDI had been assumed to self-polymerize by eliminating carbon dioxide previously. 相似文献
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光气生产装置事故后果分析及提高装置安全性的对策措施 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
分析光气及光气化产品生产工艺过程中原料及工艺过程危险性,通过选择该工艺过程中较为典型的光气、氯气管道泄漏事故,并针对光气和氯气不同性质,假设事故形态,采用修正的高斯扩散模型及SAFETI定量风险软件对光气和氯气泄漏事故后果进行定量风险分析,其结果给出在光气及氯气泄漏10min时,在下风向人员可承受的风险范围。该分析结果可为光气及光气化产品生产装置风险评价提供科学依据。根据该结果,从工程和工艺设计、原料质量控制、重大危险源监控、操作管理措施及自控技术方面提出了提高光气及光气化生产装置安全性的对策措施。 相似文献
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压缩天然气(CNG)加气站安全监控系统 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
根据国家科技攻关课题的研究成果以及国家有关法律法规要求,结合加气站安全生产工作的实际需要,辩识与分析CNG加气站的常见危险有害因素;统计与分析近几年加气站事故;采用事故树法对加气站的火灾爆炸危险进行分析;提出事故预防措施;研究并提出CNG加气站安全监控系统的结构和功能设计方案。CNG加气站安全监控系统在对加气站危险有害因素进行辨识、分析和评估基础上,确定需要进行监测的安全相关信息;通过对加气站运行过程中安全状态信息的智能分析,实现事故预警及联锁控制等功能,控制和消除事故风险,预防重大事故的发生;同时系统可以直接纳入应急指挥平台,为应急救援提供详实而准确的现场信息,服务于事故应急救援的科学决策。 相似文献
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Laboratory hydrogen generators, medical oxygen, and micro-breweries are examples of modular and micro technologies that are commercial successes. Researchers, patients, and unskilled workers operate these facilities but more complex processes require highly qualified personnel to ensure they operate safely. Modular-micro processes in isolated locations meet economic objectives when operated remotely thereby minimizing labor costs. Mitigating the risk requires a comprehensive hazards analysis with advanced control systems particularly for explosive and toxic compounds. Here, we propose a method called Failure Mode Risk Decision (FMRD) to review the inherent hazards of a micro-refinery unit (MRU) that converts flared and wasted natural gas to long chain hydrocarbons. This approach combines the Process Flow Failure Mode (PFFM) methodology as a systematic and reliable technique with a novel numerical risk assessment to improve the analytical evaluation of hazardous conditions. The objective is to combine causes and consequences in a single metric, where scaled probability of evident causes and severity of consequences are used to derive a risk level measure. With the proposed metric, the magnitude of a potential hazard is directly correlated with the risk level. This mechanism identifies extra risk scenarios compared to the classical hazard analysis method and provides a straightforward comprehensive numerical assessment to represent the inherent and residual risks to facilitate justifying the hazardous scenarios. Accordingly, we design a safety loop and supply all the required facilities to remove the potential risks at the process plant. Not only the proposed methodology clarifies the risks of the MRU presented in this study, but can be extended to review the hazards of other chemical process plants. 相似文献
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《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2014,92(6):723-731
Recently production of hydrogen from water through the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle is developed as a new technology. The main advantages of this technology over existing ones are higher efficiency, lower costs, lower environmental impact and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Considering these advantages, the usage of this technology in new industries such as nuclear and oil is increasingly developed. Due to hazards involved in hydrogen production, design and implementation of hydrogen plants require provisions for safety, reliability and risk assessment. However, very little research is done from safety point of view. This paper introduces fault semantic network (FSN) as a novel method for fault diagnosis and fault propagation analysis by using evolutionary techniques like genetic programming (GP) and neural networks (NN), to uncover process variables’ interactions. The effectiveness, feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated on simulated data obtained from the simulation of hydrogen production process in Aspen HYSYS®. The proposed method has successfully achieved reasonable detection and prediction of non-linear interaction patterns among process variables. 相似文献
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丁宗洲 《中国安全科学学报》1993,3(4):46-50
自然灾害和人密切相关,这不仅表现在自然灾害施予的客体是人,人的伤亡和财产损失是自然灾害的标志,而且表现在自然灾害的发生受人类活动的强烈影响。地质勘探活动是人类改造自然获取财富的主要活动之一。它一方面遭受自然灾害的危害,另一方面存在诱发触发自然灾害的危险,自然灾害已成了地质勘探活动的巨大障碍。自然灾害特别是地质灾害(人工诱发触发地质灾害、地方病)和气象灾害的测、报、防、治、救措施和方法研究是地质勘探劳动保护的重要课题。 相似文献
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针对电厂机组大(小)修中所遇到的安全管理方面的各种实际问题,提出了针对性强、可操作性强、实用有效的防范措施和管理方法. 相似文献
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The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method. 相似文献