不同粒度RDX的重结晶制备和机械感度研究

为研究RDX机械感度随其粒度大小的变化规律,采用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂/非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出中位径d50分别为0.429μm,7.052μm,40.75μm的RDX颗粒,并采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对3种试样的粒度进行了表征.测定了3种试样的撞击感度(特性落高H50)和摩擦感度(爆炸概率)值.测试结果表明,撞击感度随粒度减小逐渐降低,并且在粒度降至亚微米级时最低.摩擦感度随粒度减小先升高再降低,而且粒度在亚微米时最为钝感.     

石墨烯对RDX机械感度及爆轰性能的影响

炸药添加剂对改善单质炸药安全与能量特性有重要作用。为研究纳米微颗粒石墨烯(Gr)对黑索今(RDX)热性能、机械感度及爆轰性能的影响，设计不同比例含量的Gr/RDX混合药剂配方，并对其进行差热、撞击感度、摩擦感度、爆速及钢凹深度的测试分析。结果表明:与纯RDX相比，Gr/RDX混合药剂DSC（差示扫描量热）曲线分解峰宽变窄、峰形更尖锐，Gr加速RDX的放热过程；Gr/RDX混合药剂撞击感度与摩擦感度随Gr比例含量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势，少量Gr可使RDX变得钝感，含量增加时，敏化作用逐渐表现出来；Gr/RDX混合药剂爆速与钢凹深度随Gr比例含量的增加而降低；Gr含量为1%时可显著降低RDX的机械感度，而能量基本不衰减。Gr可作为RDX功能添加剂，在确保能量输出的同时，可降低机械感度、提高安全性。     

不同粒度RDX的重结晶制备和机械感度研究

为研究RDx机械感度随其粒度大小的变化规律，采用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂／非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出中位径如分别为0．429μm，7．052μm，40．75μm的RDX颗粒，并采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对3种试样的粒度进行了表征。测定了3种试样的撞击感度（特性落高H50）和摩擦感度（爆炸概率）值。测试结果表明，撞击感度随粒度减小逐渐降低，并且在粒度降至亚微米级时最低。摩擦感度随粒度减小先升高再降低，而且粒度在亚微米时最为钝感。     

高分子包覆ε-HNIW方法对样品机械撞击感度的影响

使用反溶剂的包覆方法,用高分子材料P845、F2601、F2311包覆钝感ε-HNIW,探讨对样品机械撞击感度的影响.结果表明,制备方法、高分子种类以及是否含有表面活性剂(SFT)都对包覆得到样品的撞击感度有影响.如采用溶液悬浮法和水悬浮法制备的样品的撞击感度特性落高h50,前者平均值为18.9 cm,而后者平均值为31.4cm,采用水悬浮法制备的样品较为钝感;采用溶液悬浮法时,以高分子材料P845为粘合剂,卵磷脂为SFT制备得到的样品,h5o值为41.8cm,使用OT为SFT时,制备得到的样品的h5o则为36.2 cm.样品SPW-11-PVA的机械撞击感度最低,h5o值为59.7 cm.     

铝粉超细化对KClO3/Al/S配方药剂特性的影响

为研究铝粉超细化后对烟火药剂性能的影响,将普通铝粉和纳米铝粉分别与氯酸钾、硫黄粉按照零氧平衡的同一配比(17%Al+63%KClO3+20%S)配制成烟火药剂,分别用0#样品和1#样品表示。用ARC、WL-1型落锤仪和MGY-1型摆式摩擦感度仪等试验装置从热安全性、撞击感度和摩擦感度等方面进行对比试验。结果表明,与含普通铝粉的0#样品相比,含纳米铝粉的1#烟火药剂热分解的初始反应温度明显降低(118.67℃<123.3℃),反应到达最大温升速率所需的时间明显延长(4.94min>0.13 min),反应所能达到的最高压力明显降低(2.77 MPa/g<3.14 MPa/g),反应动力学因子明显降低(361.85 kJ/mol<409.41 kJ/mol),撞击感度明显下降(12%<100%)。这说明铝粉粒径对药剂的性能有一定的影响。纳米铝粉的加入在加速烟火药剂反应进程的同时,可有效降低其反应的激烈程度、压力危险性和撞击危险性,即铝粉超细化后可以有效改善烟火药剂的性能,提高其安全性。     

Mg(BH_4)_2对钝化RDX安全性的影响

在钝化黑索今(RDX)中加入硼氢化镁(Mg(BH_4)_2)有望提高其爆炸性能,但也带来潜在的危险。为研究Mg(BH_4)_2在钝化RDX中的应用可行性,参照炸药试验方法,测试钝化RDX/Mg(BH_4)_2混合炸药的爆热、机械感度、热感度、热安定性以及组分间的相容性。结果表明,Mg(BH_4)_2质量分数为10%和20%时,炸药爆热分别提升16.93%和33.02%;表观活化能略有增加,对热安定性无明显影响;Mg(BH_4)_2与钝化RDX相容性为一级;质量分数为10%时,混合炸药的5 s爆发点为283℃,与钝化RDX相似,但机械感度明显增大。Mg(BH_4)_2作为添加剂虽然能够增强炸药能量,但必须避免撞击、摩擦等外界条件,以保证试验和生产安全。     

二氧化氯母体材料安全性研究

为研究二氧化氯母体材料(氯酸钠、亚氯酸钠,分别用0#和1#表示)的安全性能,采用摩擦和撞击感度仪、电火花感度仪和差式扫描量热仪(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC),对二者的机械感度、静电感度及热安全性能进行了对比研究,并研究了掺杂对母体材料机械感度和静电感度的影响。结果表明,未掺杂的样品机械安全性较高,爆炸危险性较低。掺杂树脂、木粉、油脂后,0#样品特性落高对数值分别为1.642、1.688、1.758,爆炸概率分别为0.72、0、0.64;1#样品特性落高对数值分别为1.427、1.354、1.447,爆炸概率分别为0.92、0、0.88。可知掺杂后二者均有爆炸危险,机械感度提升。当木粉与0#/1#试样掺杂比例分别为1∶10、1∶5、1∶2时,随木粉掺杂量增加,0#样品特性落高对数值由1.758降至1.715,爆炸概率由0.64上升至0.8;1#样品特性落高对数值由1.447增至1.522,爆炸概率由0.88上升至1。据此可知,随木粉与试样掺杂比例由1∶10增至1∶2,0#样品撞击感度趋于增加,1#样品撞击感度趋于减小,二者的摩擦感度呈上升趋势。且1#较0#样品对撞击、摩擦作用更敏感。两样品及掺杂3种掺杂物后样品均对静电作用不敏感;在0~300℃温升范围内,0#样品无放热峰,仅有1个吸热峰;1#样品出现两个放热峰,初始放热温度分别为167.00℃、207.21℃,焓变分别为519.795 6 J/g、301.525 8J/g。这说明1#样品易发生热积聚,引起热爆炸;而0#样品在此温升范围内,相对较安全,热安全性能较高。     

Mg(BH_4)_2和MgH_2对RDX热分解特性的影响

在黑索今(RDX)中加入具有高热值的金属氢化物(Mg(BH4)2和MgH2)有望提高RDX的爆炸性能,但同时给RDX的安全使用带来挑战。为了探索RDX与这2种金属氢化物的相容性与安定性,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究Mg(BH4)2和MgH2对RDX热分解性能的影响,并由DSC得到的数据计算动力学参数,参照GJB770B—2005的方法分析这2种金属氢化物与RDX的相容性和安定性。结果表明,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的表观活化能从159.22 kJ/mol增加至180.27 kJ/mol,加入MgH2使RDX的表观活化能降低至133.69 kJ/mol;Mg(BH4)2与RDX的相容性为1级,MgH2与RDX的相容性为3级,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的安定性有所提高,加入MgH2降低了RDX的安定性。因此,在将MgH2作为RDX的高能添加剂以前,必须首先提高其与RDX的相容性以保证试验和存储过程的安全。     

某新型挠性炸药的制备工艺及性能测试

研究了一种新型的挠性炸药-橡胶炸药。在分析捷克成型橡胶炸药的基础上,并根据性能要求,逐步摸索确立了一套制备工艺方案。初步确定了该橡胶炸药的配方,即IR:RDX:石蜡油:SiO_2=25％:50％:12％:13％。并对所研制的橡胶炸药进行了感度测试及力学性能测试,测试结果与捷克橡胶炸药性能接近。     

某新型挠性炸药的制备工艺及性能测试

研究了一种新型的挠性炸药橡胶炸药。在分析捷克成型橡胶炸药的基础上，并根据性能要求，逐步摸索确立了一套制备工艺方案。初步确定了该橡胶炸药的配方，即IR：RDX：石蜡油：SiO2=25％：50％：12％：13％。并对所研制的橡胶炸药进行了感度测试及力学性能测试，测试结果与捷克橡胶炸药性能接近。     

Effect of particle size distribution,drying and milling technique on explosibility behavior of olive pomace waste

The Mediterranean area is responsible for about 98% of the olive oil worldwide production, with 900 million olive trees occupying 10 million hectares. However, the processing of 100 kg of olives leads to the production of 40 kg of wastes, mainly constituted by olive pomace, which is potentially recoverable as energetic or material source. In general, in the past 20 years, the exploitation of olive pomace has increased, but along with it, the need for further information about its chemical-physical characterization and the related hazard in industry. Thus, a risk analysis assessment was conducted. When pelletized or in chunks, olive pomace does not pose any greater hazard than a pile of woody material, but when pulverized, it might become dangerous. Two parallel series of experiments were carried out at Dalhousie University (Lab 1) and at Polytechnic of Turin (Lab 2) using the same olive pomace sample, according to slightly different experimental procedures. Olive pomace dust explosibility and flammability parameters were measured: minimum ignition energy (MIE), minimum ignition temperature (MIT), maximum pressure rise rate ((dP/dt)_max and K_St), maximum pressure (P_max), and minimum explosible concentration (MEC). Moreover, the chemical and physical characterization of olive pomace was carried out: moisture content, particle size analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) investigation, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry, calorific value, and bulk density estimation. Different thermal behaviors were observed according to the sieving/grinding pre-treatment. As concern flammability tests, samples seemed not to be sensitive to electric arc ignition (a value of MIE could not be measured), while coarser samples demonstrated higher ignition sensitivity to hot environment sources (MIT furnace) than finer ones. On the other hand, explosion violence parameters were enhanced by decreasing the particle size, while peak pressures were significantly influenced by the heat of combustion and the moisture content. Finally, a new test was developed to quantify the propensity of the raw material to produce fines by abrasion. It is defined “Abrasion by Rolling Test” (ART). The properties of the fines produced were measured as well.     

The effect of Mg(BH4)2 on the energy characteristics of RDX based aluminized explosives

This paper mainly discusses the effect of Mg(BH₄)₂ on RDX-based aluminized explosives' energy characteristics. RDX/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/AP/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂ mixed explosives were prepared by molding power method. The influence of energy storage materials on the performance of mixed explosives was discussed by adjusting the proportion of Mg(BH₄)₂. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, detonation heat experiment, and XPS experiment were carried out for the mixed explosive. The mechanical sensitivity, energy characteristics, and the products after the explosion of the mixed explosive were analyzed. Through the above experiments, it is concluded that Mg(BH₄)₂ can effectively improve the energy characteristics of RDX, but its safety will become worse after being prepared by a simple mixing method, and the use of the molding power method can effectively reduce the sensitivity. As the mass fraction of Mg(BH₄)₂ increases and Al decreases, the detonation heat of explosives decreases gradually. Mg(BH₄)₂ made the oxygen balance of mixed explosives more negative has been considered as a potential reason. Analysis of the detonation heat solid products by XPS found that, unlike our expected results, the product contained a large amount of low calorific value of B₂O₂ instead of B₂O₃, which may be a crucial reason. This paper provides a reference for the application of Mg(BH₄)₂ in energetic materials and is of great significance for the development and application of new materials in energetic materials.     

样品尺寸对热塑性聚氨酯燃烧性能的影响研究

采用锥形量热仪对不同尺寸的热塑性聚氨酯材料进行小尺寸燃烧试验研究,获得了点燃时间、热释放速率、烟气释放速率及燃烧特性指数等参数,分析了样品尺寸对其燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:点燃时间随着材料厚度的增加而延长;材料厚度的增加加长了内部导热过程,使热释放速率峰值和烟气释放速率峰值增大,到达峰值的时间延长;燃烧特性指数中火灾增长指数和火灾增长速率指数基本随着宽度的减小而增大;放热指数、烟因子和点燃指数受材料的厚度影响较大,前两者随着材料厚度的增加而增加,后者随材料厚度的增加而减小。     

硫磺研磨起电特性的研究

工业生产硫磺粉的过程中,由于静电等因素导致生产过程中容易发生燃烧爆炸事故。本文就是为硫磺粉的生产安全进行基础研究。国内硫磺粉爆炸事故几乎一个月发生一次,给设备和人员带来很大的安全威胁。不同材料的特性是不同的,摩擦产生静电的情况也不一样,本实验主要研究硫磺粉和粉碎设备中主要材料摩擦产生静电的情况,了解硫磺粉的静电特性,为减少静电的产生或者消除静电寻找途径。硫磺粉碎设备———机械磨中主要的材料类型是不锈钢、刚玉和碳化钨,用这三种材料制成的研磨罐对硫磺粉进行研磨,测试表明硫磺全部带负电荷,碳化钨罐研磨起电效率最高,刚玉罐起电效果最小,静电量会随着时间的增加达到平衡。用不同粒径的硫磺粉进行研磨,实验表明粒径较大的硫磺粉比粒径小的硫磺粉产生的静电略少。     

Safer and stronger together? Effects of the agglomeration on nanopowders explosion

Among the factors influencing dust explosion, the particle size distribution (PSD) is both one of the most important and complex to consider. For instance, it is commonly accepted that the explosion sensitivity increases when the particle size decreases. Such an assertion may be questionable for nano-objects which easily agglomerate. However, agglomerates can be broken during the dispersion process. Correlating the explosion parameters to the actual PSD of a dust cloud at the moment of the ignition becomes then essential. The effects of the moisture content and sieving were investigated on a nanocellulose powder and the impact of a mechanical agglomeration was evaluated using a silicon coated by carbon powder. Each sample was characterized before and after dispersion using in situ laser particle size measurement and a fast mobility particle sizer, and explosion and minimum ignition energy tests were conducted respectively in a 20 L sphere and in a modified Hartmann tube. It was observed that drying and/or sieving the nanocellulose mainly led to variations in terms of ignition sensitivity but only slightly modified the explosion severity. In contrast, the mechanical agglomeration of the silicon coated by carbon led to a great decrease in terms of ignition sensitivity, with a minimum ignition energy varying from 5 mJ for the raw powder to more than 1J for the agglomerated samples. The maximum rate of pressure rise also decreased due to modifications in the reaction kinetics, inducing a transition from St2 class to St1 class when agglomerating the dust.     

基于正交试验的谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素研究

为了研究谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素，以可食用玉米淀粉为研究对象，通过ZY6243锥形量热仪（CONE）进行了单因素和正交试验，研究了粉尘粒径、惰性介质CaCO3质量分数、热辐射通量对玉米淀粉燃烧特性的影响效应。应用直观分析法和方差分析法定性地研究了各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度并进行了排序，2种方法得出的结论基本一致。研究结果表明:各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度依次为:CaCO3质量分数＞粉尘粒径＞热辐射通量；其中惰性介质CaCO3对热释放速率峰值和引燃时间的影响最为显著。     

Effect of particle morphology on metal dust deflagration sensitivity and severity

Combustible dust explosions continue to present a significant threat toward industries processing, storing, or pneumatically conveying metal dust hazards. Through recent years, investigations have observed the influence of particle size, polydispersity, and chemical composition on dust explosion sensitivity and severity. However, studies characterizing the effect of particle shape (or morphology) on metal dust explosibility are limited and merit further consideration. In this work, high-purity aluminum dust samples of three unique particle morphologies were examined (spherical granular, irregular granular, and dry flake). To maintain consistency in results obtained, all samples were procured with similar particle size distribution and polydispersity, as verified by laser diffraction particle size analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) experiments were executed to confirm supplier claims on morphology and to quantify the effective surface area associated with each sample, respectively. Investigations performed in a Kühner MIKE3 minimum ignition energy apparatus and a Siwek 20 L sphere combustion chamber resulted in the direct characterization of explosion sensitivity and severity, respectively, as a function of suspended fuel concentration and variable particle morphology. Recommendations to standard risk/hazard analysis procedures and to existing design guidance for the mitigation of deflagrations that originate from ignition of distinctively processed metal dust fuels have been provided.