对内循环厌氧(IC)反应器的探讨

IC反应器是在UASB反应器的基础上发展起来的第3代厌氧反应器,它具有效率高、能耗低、投资少、占地省等优掌。详细分析了IC反应器的一些特性,并介绍了一种由我国研究者自行研制开发的内循环厌氧反应器——多级内循环厌氧（MIC）反应器。     

新型双循环厌氧反应器的设计与水力特性研究

结合IC与EGSB的特点,同时根据厌氧处理理论,设计了新型双循环厌氧反应器,用于处理高浓度含有毒物质工业废水,并以Li Cl作为示踪剂,对该反应器不同水力停留时间(HRT)下的水力特性进行了研究。结果表明,在无循环时,各HRT下双循环厌氧反应器的C-θ曲线为不对称的单峰曲线。HRT为6,9,12 h时,反应器的死区比例分别为0.165,0.155,0.146。反应器呈推流流态,且随着HRT的增加,推流作用逐渐加强而完全混合作用逐渐减弱。当存在双循环时,在HRT为6,9,12 h的条件下,反应器第一反应区的σ2分别为0.249,0.179,0.113,第二反应区的σ2分别为0.135,0.112,0.106。双循环增大了反应器的返混程度,且与第一反应区相比,第二反应区更趋于推流式。     

基于子模型技术加氢反应器平面缺陷安全评定

工程经验公式无法对结构不连续区域的应力水平进行求解,传统的有限元分析法难得到较高计算精度的解,文中采用子模型技术可有效地解决了此类问题。含平面缺陷加氢反应器潜在失效模式为弹塑性断裂失效,文中对平面缺陷进行了缺陷表征,应用子模型技术计算了缺陷部位的主应力,采用常规评定方法对平面缺陷的安全性进行了评定分析,其计算方法可供类似工程参考借鉴。     

深圳科艺嘉电子有限公司

深圳市科艺嘉电子有限公司是一家专业致力于智能IC卡开发应用的高新技术企业。拥有多名软硬件开发高级工程师及一支技术过硬的工程安装、维护队伍。公司致力于条码／磁卡考勤刷卡机、感应IC卡考勤／门禁僦餐机／消费机的生产代理、以及企业一卡通管理系统的研究开发。在感应卡、IC卡、磁卡、条码设备领域，通过多年的不懈努力，积累了雄厚的技术开发、设备生产、系统集成实力和丰富经验。     

复合曝气生物滤池处理微污染源水的试验研究

采用复合曝气生物滤池工艺(生物活性炭BAC+曝气生物滤池BAF)将常规生化过滤、活性炭吸附与生物膜氧化技术相结合,对微污染源水处理进行试验研究,以期为其工程应用提供理论依据.结果表明,在源水为Ⅳ类水的情况下,复合BAF反应器对水中CODMn和UV254的平均去除率分别为25.8%和18.4%,对NH3-N及浊度的平均去除率分别为86.2%和53.6%.复合曝气生物滤池工艺作为微污染源水的预处理净水设施能有效改善饮用水处理水质.在进一步进行其他几项水质指标的试验研究以及优化运行参数后可应用于工程实践.     

TiO2光催化剂负载方式及气相反应器的研究

介绍了TiO2光催化剂的载体类型,论述了负载方式和光源选择对光催化反应效率的影响,重点阐述了气相反应器设计的研究近况,并结合笔者的研究工作提出了一些看法与建议,对TiO2光催化剂的研究与应用前景进行了展望.     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用展望

膜生物反应器是膜的高效分离技术与生物降解作用相结合的一种污水处理与回用工艺,是近年来发展起来的一项新型的处理技术,在水处理方面的应用及发展很快;膜生物反应器工艺较适合于中小规模的污水处理与回用,但膜污染问题是影响膜生物反应器推广的主要障碍;探讨和展望了膜生物反应器的应用前景,指出今后的研究方向,膜生物反应器有望成为21世纪的一种重要的污水处理技术。     

釜式反应器反应失控的温度与压力预测

釜式反应器因反应失控导致爆炸、火灾和有毒物料泄漏事故时有发生.对其反应失控内在规律的研究有助于采取针对性防范措施.本文从事故案例中分析和总结了化工生产中反应失控火灾爆炸事故的原因和事故特征.利用反应系统热量平衡原理和物料气-液相平衡原理,分别对间歇、半连续和连续式釜式反应器建立了反应失控所达到的最大温度和压力预测方法.结合釜式反应器的操作,应用此预测方法计算表明,半连续釜式反应器失控时继续加料,反应失控的绝热温升最大,连续和间歇釜式反应器次之,而半连续釜式反应器失控时停止加料绝热温升值较小;反应器内液体物料的蒸气压以比温升速度更大的速度上升.     

具有良好安全功能的非接触式IC卡通用读写模块的设计与应用

目前国内应用装置的开发厂家产品中使用的非接触式IC卡读写模块,基本上都是根据应用的方向而开发的,这种模块存在着成本高、不通用的缺点,虽然有部分厂家也开发了通用的非接触式IC卡读写模块,但其完成某种特应用时,需要增加大量的外围硬件,因此,存在着产品研发周期长、成本高的问题.本项目中提出一种通用的非接触式IC卡读写模块,该模块无需进行任何扩展,即可实现对IC卡的读写功能,通过简单的显示电路和键盘电路扩展,即可完成比较完整的功能,可以解决以前存在的缺点和问题.     

基于Fluent软件的SABR反应器流场模拟

分段进水厌氧折流板反应器(SABR)是一种高效的污水生物处理反应器,流场十分复杂。运用通用商业计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对SABR反应器进行流场模拟,用Solidwork建立反应器流场实体模型,采用分块结构化网格技术实现了适用于复杂形体的分块结构化网格的计算程序,采用修正的k-epsilon双方程湍流模型以及滑移网格法(SG)处理反应区。分别考察了进水流量为0.276,0.420,0.840,1.680 L/h时厌氧反应器的速度场、压力场以及湍动性能。结果表明,计算所选模型能较准确地预测反应器流场情况,模拟结果与实测结果比较符合,具有较高的参考价值,对今后SABR反应器的进一步研究与改进有着十分重要的意义。     

Dynamic model based safety analysis of a three-phase catalytic slurry intensified continuous reactor

Safety analysis like the HAZOP (HAZard OPerability) study can be much more efficient if a dynamic model of the system under consideration is available to evaluate the consequences of hazard deviations and the efficiency of the proposed safety barriers. In this paper, a dynamic model of a three-phase catalytic slurry intensified continuous chemical reactor is used within the context of its HAZOP (HAZard OPerability) study. This reactor, the RAPTOR®, is an intensified continuous mini-reactor designed by the French company AETGROUP SAS that can replace batch or fed-batch processes in the case of highly exothermic reactions involving hazardous substances. The highly hazardous hydrogenation of o-cresol under high pressure and temperature is taken as an example of application. Deviations as a temperature increase of the cooling medium or no cooling medium flow can produce an overheating of the reactor. Thus, three possible safety barriers are evaluated by simulation: shut off the gaseous reactant feed, shut off the liquid reactant feed or stop the agitation. The more efficient actions are the stopping of the agitation and/or of the gas reactant feed. The simulation results can efficiently help the reactor design and optimisation. Safety analysis can also be one of the criteria to compare batch and intensified continuous processes.     

新型旋流-扰流絮凝反应工艺的试验研究

本在对絮凝理论分析的基础上，设计了几种不同扰流形式的旋流扰流絮凝反应器。通过试验对其絮凝效果进行了分析和比较，找出了比较合理的絮凝器结构。这对于研制开发新型絮凝反应器，发挥新型絮凝剂的效能，提高出水水质，保证供水安全具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Variability of operating safety limits with catalyst within a fixed-bed catalytic reactor for vapour-phase nitrobenzene hydrogenation

The safety in operation of a fixed-bed catalytic reactor remains a sensitive issue when a highly exothermic reaction is conducted and various process development elements such as controllability, stability, risk, and economic aspects are considered. Several model-based methods are used to estimate the safe operating region limits. Nominal conditions are set to limit the hot spot in the tubular reactor and avoid excessive thermal sensitivity to variations in the process parameters. When the catalyst or its characteristics are changed, the operating conditions have to be adjusted accordingly. The safety problem becomes more important when the production optimization requires setting the nominal operating point in the vicinity of the safety limits. This paper investigates the advantages as well as the precautions that need to be taken when using a more sophisticated model-based global sensitivity criterion (MV of Morbidelli & Varma) to routinely update the runaway critical conditions when changes in the investigated system frequently occur. A concrete example is provided for the case of an industrial fixed-bed catalytic reactor for nitrobenzene hydrogenation in vapour-phase. The analysis points out the discrepancies in predicting the runaway boundaries for complex processes between precise sensitivity-based MV-method and shortcut methods, and the importance of accounting for parameter uncertainty for both evaluation of the confidence region around the runaway boundaries and for the optimal set-point location. The close connection between the operating risk limits and the process kinetics is also highlighted even if the reactor geometry and the main flow conditions are kept unchanged.     

转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体加热方案选择与设计

根据转锥式生物质热解装置中对加热设备的要求,先后分别选择和设计了三种不同的加热方案,在实际应用中逐步了解每套加热设备的优缺点,为加热设备的改进和该项技术的应用推广奠定坚实的基础.     

Process safety aspects in water-gas-shift (WGS) membrane reactors used for pure hydrogen production

The syngas produced by coal gasification processes can be utilized in Pd-based water-gas-shift membrane reactors for the production of pure H₂. Pd/alloy composite membrane reactors exhibit comparative advantages over traditional packed bed reactors such as simultaneous reaction/separation in one compact unit and increased reaction yields. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive process intensification strategies could further enhance membrane reactor performance resulting in a substantially smaller and functional, inherently safer, environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient process.A systematic non-isothermal modeling framework under both steady state and dynamic/transient conditions for a catalytic high temperature water-gas shift reaction in a Pd-based membrane reactor has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process system at various operating conditions from a process safety standpoint. In particular, various reaction conditions as well as key process variables such as feed temperature and flow rate, catalyst loading, driving force for H₂ permeation are considered as they are critically related to various safety aspects in the operation of a Pd-based membrane reactor. Within the proposed framework, process parameters and operating conditions which may induce hazards and compromise process safety are identified, analyzed and characterized. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through detailed simulation studies in an illustrative case study involving a real Pd-based membrane reactor used for pure hydrogen production and separation that exhibits complex behavior over a wide operating regime.     

Combining HAZOP with dynamic simulation—Applications for safety education

A quantitative variation of the hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) procedure is demonstrated. The process is divided into sections and dynamic models of the separate sections are prepared. Those models are used in the framework of the HAZOP procedure to determine the magnitude of the deviations from normal operation conditions that may lead to serious accidents and to test design modification to improve the safety characteristic of the process. A process involving an exothermic reaction conducted in a semi-batch reactor is used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed procedure and its application for safety education and operator training. The programs used for simulating the reactor are available at: ftp://ftp.bgu.ac.il/shacham/OctanoneProd/.

It is shown that the use of those programs can enhance considerably the safety education by providing tools for systematic screening of process deviation associated with possible hazardous events, determining the threshold values that may lead to such events and enabling the examination of a particular design for the adequate safe range of operation.     

EPR核电厂核岛厂房分层分解法防火分区设计

防火分区设计是实现防火安全目标最核心、最关键的环节,是开展防火安全评价的基础。在台山一期的核岛防火设计应用中,出现防火小区定义与标准不一致、防火区与防火小区的嵌套关系混乱、各防火分区类型的应用原则不清晰等不足。基于自主化设计的需要,通过整理分析台山一期核电厂(EPR堆型)核岛防火分区设计成果,深层研究思考EPR设计理念,进一步理清不同分区类型之间的嵌套逻辑,建立了一套分层分解的核岛防火分区设计方法——以分区嵌套顺序进行分层、以功能识别为导向进行区域分解,从而化繁为简,实现分区设计的流程化。该设计方法很好地弥补了EPR在此方面的不足,为后续自主化设计及新堆型的开发提供了重要的参考。     

A new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis

Conventional fault detection method based on fast independent component analysis (FastICA) is sensitive to outliers in the modeling data and thus may perform poorly under the adverse effects of outliers. To solve such problem, a new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis (RobustICA) is proposed in this paper. A RobustICA algorithm which can effectively reduce the effects of outliers is firstly developed to estimate the mixing matrix and extract non-Gaussian feature called independent components (ICs) by robust whitening and robust determination of the maximum non-Gaussian directions. Furthermore, a monitoring statistic for each extracted IC is constructed to detect process faults. Simulations on a simple example of the mixing matrix estimation and a fault detection example in the continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the RobustICA achieves much higher estimation accuracy for the mixing matrix and the ICs than the commonly used FastICA algorithm, and the RobustICA-based fault detection method outperforms the conventional FastICA-based fault detection method in terms of the fault detection time and fault detection rate.     

Numerical simulation of flue gas desulfurization characteristics in CFB with bypass ducts

A new process of flue gas desulfurization in circulating fluidized bed with flue gas bypass ducts is presented. k–? Model, Discrete Phase Model and Finite-Rate Chemistry Model are proposed to simulate the desulfurization process characteristics in circulating fluidized bed reactor. The proposed model is validated by the comparison of experimental data and simulation results. The results show that the desulfurization reactor with bypass ducts is superior to the reactor without bypass ducts. The reactor with bypass ducts has higher desulfurization efficiencies and lower flow resistances than the reactor without bypass ducts, and it is more suitable for flue gas flow variation. Desulfurization reaction rate is controlled by absorption reaction on sorbent particles surface. When water content and Ca/S ratio increase, desulfurization efficiency of the reactor with bypass ducts increases. When SO₂ concentration increases, desulfurization efficiency decreases.