深水内波条件下井喷原油扩散规律数值仿真分析

为研究深水内波条件下井喷原油扩散问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立深水内波条件下的溢油扩散后果预测模型,研究深水溢油在内波流场中的扩散规律,评估溢油在内波流中的上浮时间、扩散距离等关键风险参数,探讨内波工况、井喷流量及海况条件对深水溢油扩散行为和后果的影响。研究表明:泄漏原油喷射涌入海水中形成射流和羽流,向下部海流出口方向偏移,上升至250m处原油破碎分散为小油滴,受内波剪切作用,扩散范围增大,并向上部海流出口方向偏移,溢出点位置位于泄漏口正上方附近;内波流速变化对原油运移至海面所需时间无明显影响,对横向扩散参数有较明显影响;泄漏速率变化对原油的溢出时间和横向扩散参数均有较明显影响;海况条件对原油溢出时间、运移过程和扩散范围均有较明显影响,其中内波条件下,井喷溢油造成的危害最大。     

海底管道泄漏原油扩散漂移规律数值模拟

针对浅海输油管道泄漏原油扩散漂移问题，依据计算流体动力学理论，采用VOF模型和k－ε湍流模型来模拟多相流动，采用速度边界造波法和阻尼消波法来模拟波浪，建立洋流波浪环境下海底管道原油泄漏扩散漂移模型，对不同海洋环境、原油密度和泄漏量工况下的原油扩散漂移行为进行模拟，预测水下原油扩散上升路径、上浮到水面时间、溢油扩散范围以及水面溢油漂移速率等关键数据。研究结果表明:相对于静水、洋流和波浪等单一环境条件，在洋流波浪环境下泄漏原油的水下扩散范围更广、扩散上升速率更小、水面原油漂移速率更大；海洋环境对原油在水面的漂移速率影响较大，泄漏速率对原油的水下上升扩散速率影响较大；原油密度主要影响水下原油上升扩散过程，对水面原油漂移过程影响较小。     

码头密度对长江中游典型河段内溢油运移影响数值模拟

为了研究河道码头密度对溢油扩散的影响,以沌口至阳逻河段为例,基于MIKE21水动力及溢油扩散模型开展了局部岸线均匀布置不同密度码头下的多情景溢油模拟,计算得到了河段的水动力条件和溢油行为变化.结果表明:1)各码头密度下水动力变化均表现为工程区上游水位抬高,前沿主流区流速增大、工程区流速减小且其幅度相对更大,水位和流速变幅随码头密度的增大逐渐变缓;2)当上游溢油点不与码头岸线同侧时,溢油扩散受码头影响较小,当溢油发生于码头岸线同侧时,溢油扩散受码头影响不容忽视,尤其当码头密度大于1.25座/km时,工程区内溢油漂移速度将大幅减小,致使油膜滞留时间和油膜面积显著增大;3)取水口等水源保护地上游同岸侧附近不宜修建密集码头、港区.     

无人机在山区河流溢油事故溢油寻踪中的应用

针对山区跨越河流输油管道发生原油溢油事故后的不易发现性以及河流溢油事故可能产生的恶劣影响,提出1种通过无人机上装载的高清晰摄像头拍摄识别溢油区域的无人机溢油油头“影迹”寻踪法。该方法对无人机巡线路径进行算法编程,控制无人机的沿河寻油路径,通过无人机识别的溢油区域图片分析溢油油头位置,对溢油量进行大致计算并且能对溢油情况进行初步判断,从而为即将到来的溢油回收环节提供理论数据支撑;能够提高收油效率,大幅度减少山区跨越河流输油管道发生溢油事故后造成污染以及潜在危害的可能性,为油气管道的安全运行提供了一定的保障。     

基于Fluent的埋地原油管道泄漏事故后果分析

埋地输油管道一旦发生泄漏,一方面会造成土壤污染,另一方面当原油泄漏量过多时会上渗到地面形成油池,进而引发池火灾,对人员、环境、设备均会造成危害。为了研究埋地输油管道泄漏事故的后果,为事故救援及处理提供参考,提出了一种针对此类事故的土壤污染、池火灾后果定量分析方法。方法以Fluent软件为工具模拟原油被点燃前的泄漏扩散情况,分析原油在土壤及地面上的扩散规律及范围,并结合危害模型得到池火灾造成的热辐射危害范围。利用该方法对不同管道压力和泄漏孔径的6种工况下的事故进行了分析,结果表明,原油管道泄漏时的压力及泄漏孔径对原油扩散速度影响较大,进而影响避免事故的难易程度。     

非点源LNG泄漏扩散过程模拟及危险区域分析

为了研究LNG泄漏扩散过程及危害,建立了引入时间参数的高斯烟羽混合模型,利用MATLAB工具对LNG泄漏扩散过程进行动态模拟,解决了高斯烟羽模型不能模拟连续泄漏源泄漏初期浓度分布的问题。提出了非点源高斯烟羽混合模型,可预测液池、大孔等非点源的泄漏扩散过程,并利用Burro 9号LNG泄漏扩散试验进行模型验证。研究了风速、大气稳定度等对LNG泄漏扩散所形成的危险区域的影响,结果表明:风速对LNG泄漏扩散的影响显著,风速越大,扩散越快,扩散达稳定后所形成的危险区域面积越小;大气越稳定,扩散越慢,危险区域面积越大。     

液氯储罐瞬时泄漏扩散质量浓度分布规律与中毒后果评价

液氯储罐一旦发生泄漏,容易在大气中快速扩散,其扩散速度受到泄漏量、外界风速等条件的影响。为了研究不同风速和泄漏量对氯气扩散规律的影响,分别在泄漏量为2 kg、5 kg,外界风速为2 m/s、5 m/s的条件下,采用Fluent软件模拟了氯气储罐瞬时泄漏后氯气质量浓度随时间的分布规律,并结合氯气的致死浓度,对氯气扩散区域最大质量浓度分布及其毒性致命损伤进行了分析。结果表明,氯气扩散初期,云团浓度较高,重气效应比较明显,随时间增加云团逐渐增大。泄漏量越大,氯气的扩散速度和致死区范围越大,毒性致命损伤时间越短;风速越大,致死区的影响距离越大,但致死区的影响时间大幅度缩短,能有效降低氯气的中毒危害。     

海洋钻井平台井喷硫化氢扩散规律研究

针对海洋酸性气田开发过程中的井喷硫化氢扩散问题,以计算流体力学(CFD)为理论基础,建立一套数值模拟方案和毒害评价模型.选取静风、平均风速和季风风速3种典型环境风速条件,对左舷、右舷、船艏、船艉4个来风方向的硫化氢扩散过程进行模拟,分析了硫化氢扩散的时空分布以及风速对硫化氢扩散的影响作用.结果表明,静风条件下,硫化氢对平台空间危害最为严重;有风条件下,船艏和船艉来风,平台空间危害较为严重;其他方向来风时,硫化氢对平台空间区域危害较小.风速越大,硫化氢对平台空间的危害程度越小.最后,据此提出了相应的应对措施.     

码头油品泄漏扩散事故危险危害评价

运用“泄漏扩散”模型对某码头油品泄漏扩散事故危险危害程度进行了评价,得到了爆炸危险区域和中毒危害区域的面积,为码头制定应急救援预案提供了依据.     

基于风险与成本的海洋溢油事故应急控制决策

为提高海洋溢油事故应急控制决策的科学性,降低海洋溢油事故所造成的海洋生态环境风险,提出一种基于风险与成本最优的海洋溢油事故应急控制决策方法,识别海洋原油泄漏事件升级过程中的主要变量与时序节点;采用贝叶斯网络构建海洋溢油事故演化模型,评估海洋溢油事故所产生的生态环境风险;在此基础上,引入海面溢油应急处置措施,并考虑不同溢油处置措施的执行成本与效果,构建海洋溢油事故应急控制决策的贝叶斯影响图模型,确定风险控制效果与成本最优的海面溢油事故应急控制策略。结果表明:同时采用海面燃烧和自然恢复方法是进行实际海面溢油处置的最佳方案,可降低海面溢油事故的致灾风险和控制成本。     

Critical aspects for collision induced oil spill response and recovery system in ice conditions: A model-based analysis

The recovery effectiveness for oil spills in ice conditions depends on a complex system and has not been studied in depth, especially not from a system risk control perspective. This paper aims to identify the critical aspects in the oil spill system to enable effective oil spill recovery. First, a method is developed to identify critical elements in a Bayesian Network model, based on an uncertainty-based risk perspective. The method accounts for sensitivity and the strength of evidence, which are assessed for the different Bayesian Network model features. Then, a Bayesian Network model for the mechanical oil spill recovery system is developed for the Finnish oil spill response fleet, contextualized for representative collision accident scenarios. This model combines information about representative sea ice conditions, ship-ship collisions and their associated oil outflow, the oil dispersion and spreading in the ice conditions, and the oil spill response and recovery of the fleet. Finally, the critical factors are identified by applying the proposed method to the developed oil spill response system model. The identified most critical system factors relates collision aspect: Forcing Representative Scenario, Representative Accident Location, Impact Speed, Impact Location, Impact Angle and response aspect: Response Vessel Operability.     

海底管道泄漏油气扩散规律数值仿真与对比分析

为研究海底原油与天然气单相泄漏扩散规律的差异性,合理制定应急响应策略,减小事故损失,针对海底管道失效所致的原油与天然气泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立海底油气管道泄漏事故后果预测与评估模型,对特定事故场景下的海底原油与天然气泄漏扩散过程进行模拟与分析,从泄漏扩散过程、工况因素影响、泄漏后果及应对策略4个方面对比原油与天然气的泄漏扩散特性。结果表明:相同工况下,海底原油与天然气在泄漏速率、扩散时间、扩散形态及水平最大扩散距离方面存在显著差别;与天然气相比,原油泄漏扩散行为对工况因素具有更高的敏感性;原油泄漏会引发严重的环境灾害,天然气泄漏则会影响海上结构物的稳定性及引发火灾爆炸事故,据此需合理制定具有针对性的应对策略。     

Microwave-assisted preparation of two-dimensional amphiphilic nanoplate herding surfactants for offshore oil spill treatment

Oil spills are the uncontrolled release of liquid hydrocarbon by ruptured pipelines and tanker hulls, or blowouts and leaks from offshore storage facilities and drilling rigs, either by faulty human behaviors or inevitable natural aging processes. Spills cause disastrous environmental and economic consequences, with the effects of marine habitat damage for lasting decades, necessitating a critical need for efficient oil spill mitigation and leakage treatment. In this study, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) amphiphilic nanoplate as the herding surfactant for retracting spilled oil offshore on the seawater surface with various temperature and saline concentrations. Applying 2D nanoplate herding surfactant causes areas of thin oil slick floating on water to largely shrink and form a thick bulk layer. This transformation lays the foundation for the next-step oil treatment and recovery. Microwave-assisted synthesis method was used to fabricate the surface-modified zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplates as the oil herder, which has an amphiphilic characteristic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The 2D nanoplate surfactants decrease the air-water surface tension to facilitate the oil herding process efficiently. Using this herding procedure, we propose a biocompatible, high herding efficiency and cost-effective 2D herding surfactant fabrication method and offer a new direction for oil treatment in the offshore process safety field.     

海上溢油事故双目标应急物资调度模型

为满足海上溢油事故发生后的应急物资需求,最大程度减少事故带来的损失,根据海上溢油应急物资调度的特点,构建基于应急物资需求量和调度时间模糊不确定下应急成本最小和延误时间最少的双目标调度模型。引入三角模糊函数描述应急物资调度中物资需求量和调度时间的不确定性,构建模糊环境下溢油事故点对应急物资应急成本最小和应急延误时间最少的双目标模型,利用遗传算法求解,并通过算例分析证明了该方法的有效性。结果表明,三角模糊数能很好地表征调度中物资需求量和时间的不确定性及模糊属性,确定的调度方案能为海上溢油事故发生时应急物资调度提供决策依据。     

近岸水域船舶溢油应急保障能力评估

为了降低溢油事故对近岸水域造成的影响,提高近岸水域船舶溢油事故应急响应系统的能力,采用结构方程模型,评价船舶溢油应急保障能力。在分析近岸水域船舶溢油应急响应系统影响因素的基础上,构建了船舶溢油应急保障能力评价的指标体系,引入结构方程模型,建立船舶溢油应急保障能力分析的路径模型,分析应急保障变量之间的互动关系及其影响程度,研究其算法,并以实例验证模型的可行性。结果表明,人员保障在溢油应急保障能力中起主导作用,其次是物资保障和技术保障。     

Application of Bayesian Regularization Artificial Neural Network in explosion risk analysis of fixed offshore platform

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is routinely used in Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA), as CFD-based ERA offers a good understanding of underlying physics accidental loads. Generally, simplifications were incorporated into CFD-based ERA to limit the number of simulations. Frozen Cloud Approach (FCA) is a frequently used simplification in the dispersion part of the CFD-based ERA procedure. However, its accuracy is questionable in the complex and congested environment such as offshore facility. Furthermore, in explosion part, some specific techniques, e.g. linear/double bin-interpolated techniques have been proposed while the corresponding accuracy is still unknown since the developers did not yet check their accuracy by considering the explosion computational data as the benchmark.This study presents a more accurate algorithm, namely Bayesian Regularization Artificial Neural Network (BRANN) and accordingly proposes the frameworks regarding BRANN-based models for the CFD-based ERA procedure. Firstly, the framework is proposed to develop the Transient-BRANN (TBRANN) model for transient dispersion study. In addition, the framework to determine the BRANN model for explosion study is developed. The proposed frameworks are explained by a case study of the fixed offshore platform. Consequently, this study confirms the more accuracy of the TBRANN model over FCA and the accuracy of BRANN model for CFD-based ERA.     

2 000 m超深水水下分离器泄漏油气扩散特性研究

深水水下分离器服役过程中由于腐蚀、地质灾害和环境高压作用,存在失效泄漏风险。针对2 000 m超深水水下分离器可能存在的失效泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立分离器失效泄漏后果数值仿真分析模型,对分离器泄漏场景进行模拟与分析,研究2 000 m水深条件下分离器泄漏油气扩散规律,并考虑不同泄漏位置对油气扩散行为的影响。结果表明:水下分离器泄漏包括压力扩散和自由扩散两个阶段,压力扩散阶段历时极短,自由扩散阶段耗时较长;泄漏口位置对泄漏结果有较为明显的影响,分离器上部泄漏,油气全部溢出,分离器中下部泄漏,大部分油气保留于分离器内部,最终形成分明的油气水界面;分离器内部压力随时间迅速上升,t=0.25 s左右接近于20 MPa,后期在20 MPa左右呈极微小波动,泄漏速率随分离器内部压力增大迅速减小,达到最低点之后,呈微小波动状变化。     

海上溢油应急物资调度双目标规划模型

为最大程度降低溢油事故造成的不利影响,提出充分考虑海上油膜漂移特性及溢油点和漂移点对救援物资需求不确定等特点,基于鲁棒优化思想,建立救援应急成本最小、应急时间最短的双目标规划模型,并基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法设计求解方法.结果 表明:决策者可根据自身对溢油事故规模的判断,得到不同应急物资调度方案,为应急出救点的选择和物资调度...     

Impact of wind on in-situ burning behavior of spilled oil on open water

Spilled oil may cause serious environmental pollution and ecological destruction. Thus, an efficient oil spill response is essential to reduce and minimize the impacts seen from an oil spill. In-situ burning (ISB) has been proven to be one of the most convenient and efficient treatment methods for oil spills on sea. When in-situ burning operation is carried out on sea, the wind is usually available. Spilled oil pool fire flame will be blown to tilt with an angle from the vertical direction and the flame length will be stretched. This effect of flame on downstream will be significantly enhanced. It may even cause the burning of spilled oil out of control or hazard the operators near site. Therefore, it is meaningful to study the burning behavior of oil pool fire on open water under wind.A small-scale oil pool fire on open water experiment system was designed, which could simulate the boundary conditions of sea surface ISB. A series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of oil pool diameter, oil layer thickness and wind speed on fire flame length and flame tilt angle. Flame characteristics and temperature of burning system were recorded. This study observes burning behavior to evolve from short pool fire to long declining phase which transient through boilover stage. Dimensionless flame length in pool fire stage increases with wind speed. As expected the flame tilt is strongly influenced by wind speed, tilt angle increase with wind speed. The observed experimental behavior is captured as improvement in the flame length and flame tilt angle models.This study helped better understanding fire behavior in evolving environmental conditions, and the most importantly developed model would help guide better assessment of fire mitigation strategies.