松散煤体内液态二氧化碳相变换热试验研究

为研究液态二氧化碳(LCO2)在松散煤体内泄放过程的传热特征以及LCO2压注参数对煤体温度场的影响,利用自制试验平台开展松散煤体内压注LCO2过程试验,分析压注过程煤体温度的变化、压注控制参数对致冷范围的影响。结果表明:LCO2压入松散煤体后瞬间发生相变,与煤体发生剧烈热量交换,并形成低于CO2三相点温度(-56.6℃)的相变致冷区域;沿射流方向,相变致冷范围随压注时间增加呈对数增长;增大压注流量、泄放口径和入口压力,相变致冷范围分别呈指数、对数、线性函数增大。     

基于加速蠕变改进的巷道围岩蠕变模型

为了研究流固耦合在岩石蠕变过程中的作用机制,利用MTS815. 02岩石力学试验系统,对巷道围岩(砂岩)开展蠕变试验,研究岩石在蠕变过程中的变形破坏特性,基于加速蠕变改进的蠕变模型来描述蠕变过程,采用最小二乘法识别蠕变参数,分析蠕变参数随应力和时间的变化过程;将自定义蠕变方程嵌入ANSYS有限元软件,数值模拟了饱和砂岩试样的流固耦合蠕变全过程。结果表明:该蠕变模型可以较好地描述岩石蠕变全过程;数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合,验证了该蠕变模型和蠕变参数随时间变化规律的正确性和合理性,可为深部工程的隧道围岩加固、灾害防治和支护设计提供依据。     

高温热表面油液蒸发的时变性热质传递模型与实验研究

针对高温热表面油液蒸发热质传递过程的时变性,考虑这一过程中的对流传质传热,建立了热环境作用下油液蒸发的热质传递模型方程,通过无量纲变换,求得空间浓度分布和温度场随时间的变化规律。以庚烷为试验对象,对高温热表面油液蒸发过程进行了实验研究。理论分析与实验表明:庚烷蒸发过程中,刘易斯数大于1,传热速率大于传质速率;蒸发导致的质量损失与时间平方根的成正比,与液面的面积成正比,且与质量扩散系数的平方根成正比,饱和蒸气浓度越大,蒸发速率也越大。油液蒸发计算结果与试验结果基本一致,表明了模型的有效性。     

中庭火灾烟气流动数值模拟

根据中庭火灾特点 提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失、不考虑燃烧过程、视火焰为体积热源,浮升力作用下火灾烟气湍流流动的场模型,并将辐射换热损失计人壁面传热损失,简化辐射换热模型计算,运用该场模型对中庭模型实验装置火灾烟气流动进行了数值模拟,采用通用软件PHOENICS进行数值计算,研究表明,数值模拟结果与中庭模型实验装置火灾试验结果吻合;以热源模拟火焰的方法对分析中庭火灾烟流发展规律可行。     

基于CFD的注采管柱接头修复胶液渗流规律研究*

为探讨注胶方法修复井下注采管柱螺纹接头缝隙的可行性,采用计算流体动力学欧拉-欧拉多相流方法构建胶液在注采管柱接头缝隙内的渗流流动数值仿真模型,模拟注胶压力驱动下修复胶液在管柱接头螺纹缝隙内的渗流过程,通过多工况条件下胶液在螺纹缝隙内的渗流数值模拟,研究注胶压力、胶液密度和螺纹失效缝隙对胶液渗流过程的影响。结果表明:基于欧拉-欧拉多相流的数值模型可有效预测胶液在管柱接头缝隙内的流动;胶液在狭缝内的渗流深度与注胶压力呈正比;胶液渗流深度与胶液密度呈反比;胶液渗流深度与螺纹缝隙尺寸呈正比。     

室内木质吊顶轰燃过程分析

针对高温烟气引起建筑物问题,建立了室内烟气传热模型,通过辐射与对流传热计算,得到了木质吊顶的温升随时间变化的关系。通过热解实验,得到了三合板的失重曲线图;计算了其热解动力学参数活化能E和频率因子A;在此基础上计算了吊顶随时间的失重百分比。采用Lechteilier法则对热解可燃气能否达到可燃界限,发生轰燃,进行了预测。结果表明,对于800℃烟气,10min后,吊顶壁面温度可达到435℃,析出的可燃气将发生轰燃。     

高温作业专用服装的温度分布模型

本文基于一定高温环境下经过热防护服传热到假人皮肤的热传导模型进行研究。我们对测试数据进行处理,得到假人表皮温度随时间变化的曲线,由此将温度场随时间的变化过程分化为暂态和稳态两部分,基于传热学的专业理论,暂态方面基于傅里叶定律和微元思想得到热传导定律偏微分形式,稳态方面通过构建逐层温度差分方程获得一维热传导问题的稳态解。基于两方面即得到温度在时间、空间两个维度上的分布场。     

外界热辐射作用下木材热解和着火的预测模型

在突发的火灾过程中，可燃性固体材料的着火时间和热解特性是非常关键的参数。建立了预测木材在外界热辐射作用下热解和着火时间的数值模型，可以给出固体的质量损失速率、内部温度场随时间的变化，并根据模型计算得到的表面温度随时间的变化对着火时间进行预测。计算结果和实验测量值相符较好。     

改进的蒸气云爆炸模型在LNG储罐爆炸模拟中的应用

针对TNT当量法在LNG储罐蒸气云爆炸模拟中的应用进行了改进,考虑并分析了使用传统TNT模型时所忽略的LNG液池蒸发过程,通过建立LNG与地面的传热模型得出了LNG液池蒸发速率随时间变化的关系,液池的蒸发速率在最初随时间的增长较快,在增至最大值后与时间的平方根成反比逐渐减小。以3万m~3 LNG储罐连续泄漏20 min为例,根据蒸发速率与时间的关系算出了蒸气云团中的燃料量,再结合蒸气云爆炸模型利用Matlab软件进行了事故后果模拟计算,得出发生蒸气云爆炸时的死亡半径为36.629 5 m,重伤半径为83.557 6 m,轻伤半径124.725 m,财产损失半径为109.017 9 m。相较于无蒸发过程的传统模型,此计算结果更加具有参考意义。     

城市生活垃圾中可降解有机物降解规律研究

通过室内降解试验,测定了城市生活垃圾中可降解有机物降解过程中的纤维素及木质素含量,提出采用C/L(纤维素含量/木质素含量)归一化后的相对变化量来表征城市生活垃圾(MSW)的生物降解程度.分析生物降解程度指标随时间的变化规律,结果表明,生物降解程度随着降解时间的增加呈倒"S"型变化,可降解有机物的降解过程是由慢到快再到慢的过程;Slogistic模型可以较好地模拟MSW的降解过程,而模型参数可以反映降解条件对降解速率的影响.Slogistic模型预测的填埋场稳定化时间与实测结果相符,表明了建议的表征降解程度指标及Slogistic模型的合理性与正确性.     

Modeling of a cryogenic liquid pool boiling by CFD simulation

A boiling model is developed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to calculate the source term of a cryogenic liquid spill. The model includes the effect of the changing ground temperature on the vaporization rate of the cryogenic liquid. Simulations are performed for liquid nitrogen. The model can describe different boiling regimes (film, transition and nucleate). The heat flux calculated for each boiling regimes are compared to the experimental data from literature. The developed numerical model seems to have a good ability to predict the heat flux for the film boiling stage. Model development is still necessary to improve the prediction of the nucleate boiling regime. Overall, the approach shows very promising results to model the complex physical phenomena involved in in the vaporization of cryogenic liquid pool spilled on ground.     

Experimental study and prediction of liquid nitrogen pool evaporation process on concrete surface

The vaporization rate of pool boiling process of a liquid nitrogen spilled on concrete surface was investigated by a visual experiment platform. The boiling curve for liquid nitrogen on concrete cooling process was obtained. The shapes of bubbles in three typical boiling regimes were observed. Based on the experimental results, the coefficients of the empirical formulas for nuclear boiling and film boiling are modified, and the empirical formulas for boiling of liquid nitrogen-concrete surfaces are obtained. Combined with the calculation formula of the non-steady-state semi-infinite one-dimensional heat conduction temperature, a coupled calculation model for the heat transfer and vaporization process of liquid pool on the liquid nitrogen-concrete surface is proposed. Application of this model can better predict the quality of liquid nitrogen vaporization.     

Laboratory scale analysis of the influence of different heat transfer mechanisms on liquid nitrogen vaporization rate

The prediction of the potential hazards associated to accidental liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills has motivated a number of different studies including experimental and numerical approaches. Most of these studies focus on dispersion predictions, however there is limited information regarding source term of it: liquid spill and vaporization. There is a need of further improvements on the understanding of these phenomena and the quantification of the most important parameters that can affect them.The vaporization of cryogenic liquids is governed by the heat transfer phenomena including conduction, convection and thermal radiation mechanisms. The present work investigates the contribution of each of these heat transfer modes to the vaporization rate of cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN₂) contained in a Dewar flask using well controlled and instrumented laboratory scale experiments. LN₂ vaporization rate was measured with individually controllable contributions from convective (generated by an electric fan) and thermal radiative (generated by light bulb) heat transfer in the presence of a baseline conductive heat transfer rate.In both cases of convection and radiation analysis the experimental study showed that they can play a significant role in the vaporization rate of LN₂. It was observed that the radiative heat absorbed by the LN₂ during the vaporization experiment represents only 50%–65% of the incident radiation that would reach the LN₂ pool surface if no vapour was present. Convective heat transfer generated by the fan was shown to have had the most significant contribution to the total heat transfer. As expected, this contribution was significantly higher than the one from bulb radiation. The experimental data also showed that the liquid level in the Dewar play a key role in the resulting amount of convective heat transfer. This could be attributed to the fact that lower liquid level the side walls of the Dewar were high enough to hold a layer of vapour and limit air motion directly above the liquid surface, thus limiting the heat transfer by convection.     

Quantification of turbulence in cryogenic liquid using high speed flow visualization

A high speed flow visualization experiment was conducted to characterize the boiling induced turbulence when a cryogenic liquid is released on water. The advective transport of turbulent structures traversing through the liquid was captured and reconstructed using image processing software to obtain information on velocity components. The numerical results obtained from image processing were used to determine turbulence parameters like turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy and eddy dissipation rate. An interesting aspect of the study was the formation of wavy structures called ‘thermals’ which were characteristic of turbulent convection. The thermals were found to act as a catalyst in increasing heat transfer and turbulence between water and cryogenic pool. The turbulent intensity was influenced by the turbulent velocity and had direct effects on the vaporization flux. Among the turbulence parameters, increase in turbulent kinetic energy resulted in faster vaporization of cryogenic liquid through enhanced mixing, whereas variations in the eddy dissipation rate had weak dependence on vaporization. Additionally, the initial height of cryogenic liquid was also found to strongly affect the vaporization mass flux.     

Modeling of pool spreading of LNG on land

This paper presents a source term model for estimating the rate of spreading of LNG and other cryogenic mixtures on unconfined land. The model takes into account the composition changes of a boiling mixture, the varying thermodynamic properties due to preferential boiling within the mixture and the effect of the various boiling regimes on conductive heat transfer. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the relative effect of each of these phenomena on pool spread. The model is applied to continuous and instantaneous spills. The model is compared to literature experimental data on cryogenic pool spreading.     

细水雾中雾滴和高温环境的热质交换研究

由雾滴的表面的组分方程和能量方程入手,探讨雾滴在静止的高温环境中的热质交换及生存时间。应用折算薄膜理论,通过特征时间的比较,提出雾滴与高温环境主要通过沸腾机制实现热质交换;考虑滴径与速度变化的耦合作用,应用数值方法研究雾滴在强迫对流环境中与高温环境的热质交换情况。结果表明:对于滴径较小的雾滴不可能达到火焰区或可燃物表面实施火焰冷却和表面冷却,其灭火作用主要依赖于汽化吸热。     

Small-scale experimental study of vaporization flux of liquid nitrogen released on ice

One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg during marine transportation. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of the contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transfer to the pool occurs primarily through conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomenon between ice and cryogenic liquid was studied through a small-scale experiment and the resulting vaporization mass fluxes were reported. The experiment involved six spills with varying amount of liquid nitrogen on different ice temperature to determine its effect on vaporization mass flux. The vaporization mass fluxes were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. The results indicated that the vaporization mass flux was a function of release rate and ice temperature. When the release rate and ice temperature was high, the vaporization mass flux follows a decreasing trend. With further reduction in release rate and ice temperature, the vaporization mass flux was found to be independent with time. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

高倍泡沫加速泄漏LNG扩散的有效性模拟试验

泡沫灭火剂在扑灭液体火灾中起到重要作用,关于低温液体蒸气云扩散控制的研究也逐渐得到应用。通过小尺寸模拟试验验证高倍泡沫加速泄漏LNG扩散的有效性,设计并进行了低温液体自然蒸发和高倍泡沫覆盖低温液体两个对照试验,测量了竖直方向上10个高度处的温度及装置整体质量,从而获取了低温液体蒸气到达泡沫层顶端时温度及蒸发速率的变化情况。结果表明,与未添加泡沫的情况对比,高倍泡沫的覆盖使泄漏低温液体在1 800 s内的蒸发量减少了6.4%,如果时间更长则减少的比例更多,且蒸发出的低温液体穿过泡沫层后蒸气温度可达0℃左右,而未添加泡沫时同等高度处蒸气温度为-75℃左右。0℃时,LNG蒸气密度已明显小于空气密度,此温度下LNG蒸气会迅速向上扩散,而不至在地表积聚,由此证明高倍泡沫能够加速泄漏低温液体蒸气向上扩散,减小了低温液体蒸气在地面积聚并引发火灾爆炸事故的可能性,从而证实了高倍泡沫加速泄漏LNG扩散的有效性。     

Validation of liquid nitrogen vaporisation rate by small scale experiments and analysis of the conductive heat flux from the concrete

The vaporisation of a liquid nitrogen pool spilled on concrete ground was investigated in small scale field experiments. The pool vaporisation rate and the heat transfer from the concrete ground were measured using a balance and a set of embedded heat flux sensors and thermocouples. The ability to predict the concrete's thermal properties based on these measurements was investigated. This work showed that a simple, one-dimensional theoretical model, assuming heat conduction through a semi-infinite ground with ideal contact between the cryogenic liquid and the ground, commonly used to describe the heat transfer from a ground to the LNG, can be used to match the observed vaporisation rate. Though estimated parameters, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, do not necessary represent real values. Although the observed vaporization rate follows a linear trend, and thus can be well represented by the model, the overall model prediction seems to be overestimated. The temperature profile inside the concrete is slightly over-predicted at the beginning and under-predicted at later stage of the spill. This might be an effect of the dependence of the concrete's thermal properties on the temperature or may indicate an incorrect modelling and a varying temperature of the ground surface.