泄爆导管对球形容器内气体爆炸泄放过程影响的试验

设计了球形容器内气体爆炸通过导管泄爆的试验系统,选用体积分数为10%(特殊说明除外)的甲烷和空气预混气体开展试验,研究了泄爆导管长度、容器容积、点火位置、气体体积分数、破膜压力等因素的影响。结果表明:泄爆导管越长,容器内的正压力峰值和负压力峰值越大;密闭爆炸时,球形容器的容积对爆炸压力峰值几乎无影响;不同容积球形容器内气体爆炸通过相同导管泄爆时(导管长度均为6 m,直径均为0.06 m),容积大的容器内的压力锋值为小容器压力值的3.3倍,且大容器内的压力上升速率也明显高于密闭爆炸的情况;有泄爆导管存在时,尾部点火容器内的压力峰值高于中心点火;泄爆导管的存在使得容器内的压力峰值高于直接泄爆时的压力峰值;无论有、无泄爆导管,容器内的压力峰值均随破膜压力增加而增加,但差值越来越小,说明导管的存在对容器爆炸泄爆过程的影响趋向缓和,但导管的存在总是阻碍了泄爆过程,增加了爆炸的严重程度,因此,在泄爆设计时要充分考虑导管的影响,适当提高容器自身的耐压强度。     

连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程的实验研究

对连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行实验研究,具有重要的科研和实用价值.本文通过实验室内自制的实验仪器,详细研究了不同的点火位置、初始压力、初始浓度对连通容器内预混气体爆炸压力的影响.得出了在大容器中点火,会引起更大的爆炸压力.压力上升速率也增大很快;初始浓度对连通容器内预混气体爆炸的影响基本与单个容器中的影响一致.当初始压力增大时,连通容器的爆炸压力也随着一起增大,而且小容器比大容器增加更快.因而,在工业中,最有效的方法是隔爆,在容器和管道接口设置隔离装置,使爆炸不能通过管道传播.     

连通容器气体密闭爆炸与泄爆过程的实验研究

利用球型容器与管道组合,开展连通容器气体爆炸与泄爆实验,分析连通条件下,火焰在管道中的传播过程及其对起爆容器和传爆容器的压力影响。实验结果表明:连通容器气体爆炸中,火焰从起爆容器到传爆容器传播经历了一段不断加速,但加速度不断减小的过程;泄爆过程中,火焰传播过程与密闭爆炸时基本一致。管道中火焰加速传播,使得传爆容器的爆炸压力和强度相较于作为起爆容器时均明显增加,危险更大,采用与起爆容器相同的泄爆面积,无法满足对连通容器中传爆容器的泄爆。同时,泄爆是一个快速的能量泄放过程应选择合理的泄爆方式,防止二次危害。     

一起容器爆炸事故模拟分析及对策措施

容器物理爆炸时,部分爆炸能量转化为空气冲击波对外做功造成物体破坏或人员伤亡,给企业的安全生产带来影响,本文针对一石化企业发生爆炸情况做相关模拟分析,为避免类似事故发生提供参考。     

连通容器中不同连通管径爆炸数值模拟分析

连通容器爆炸,连通管道在火焰传播和湍流加速中起着重要作用。通过对球形连通容器中不同连通管径爆炸进行数值模拟,分析不同管径对连通容器爆炸压力和流场的影响。研究表明,连通容器在不同连通管道内径下,最大爆炸压力基本一致,但在一定范围内,管径越小,容器的压力上升速率越高,火焰传播速度越快,连通容器的压力振荡越剧烈;传爆容器爆炸产生的反流对起爆容器压力的增加越明显;当管径增加到一定值时,连通容器间的压力变化趋于一致。     

加管道球形容器内预混气体爆炸过程的实验研究

开展加管道球形容器内预混气体爆炸实验研究在化工和石化企业中具有重要的科研和实用价值.详细研究了气体燃烧时爆炸波的扩展过程,得出球形容器安装管道后会降低球形容器内的最大爆炸压力,随着爆炸波在管道中传播,爆炸压力会不断升高,且管道末端的压力达到最大.通过实验结果分析,合理指出在连通容器上正确安装泄爆装置的位置.     

惰性气体对容器泄爆收容过程的影响分析

为了考察惰性气体对容器泄爆收容过程的影响,对利用含有惰性气体的容器收容另一个容器内爆炸气体过程中的压力变化规律进行了试验研究。结果表明:收容容器中惰性气体存在时,起爆容器及收容容器内的压力峰值都较低,且泄爆膜破裂后,两容器内的压力上升速率都有所下降,惰性气体的存在能有效抑制泄爆收容过程中的爆炸强度,对起爆容器和收容容器都起到了一定的保护作用;收容容器内的惰性气体体积分数越高,两容器内的压力峰值越低,对两容器的保护作用越好;在一定范围内,随导管长度增加,起爆容器及收容容器内的压力峰值降低,而当导管长度超过某一特定值时,继续增加导管长度,两容器内的压力峰值变化不大;惰性气体的存在能有效抑制火焰的传播,降低火焰传播速率,达到抑制爆炸的目的。     

球形容器在爆炸试验中的安全性模拟分析

从评估爆炸球容器在气体爆炸试验中安全性角度,运用Ansys软件的瞬态动力学模块,进行了内部爆炸冲击载荷作用下的爆炸球容器应力分布的有限元数值模拟分析.对16 MnR材料的空心球体与4实心圆柱体的模型采用Solid 45单元划分网格, 并在球内加载峰值应力为0.8 MPa的渐变载荷, 在爆炸过程的0.4 s内, 得到最大 Von Mises 等效应力为75.651 MPa,小于16 MnR屈服极限325 MPa.计算结果表明了爆炸球试验的安全可行性.     

甲烷-空气预混气体泄爆过程的实验研究

对甲烷-空气预混气体在球形容器和球形管道连通容器内的泄爆过程进行实验研究,根据实验结果得出在较小的泄压面积时,与密闭容器爆炸实验比较,不能降低容器内的最大压力,反而会增大容器内的最大压力。通过实验结果分析,泄爆口安装在远离点火源的位置,当发生预混气体爆炸时能较好地降低容器内的最大压力,起到保护容器的作用。     

柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程的火焰传播模拟

为研究连通容器内气体爆炸规律,采用Fluent(经典流体动力学软件)对柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行模拟,模拟了不同点火位置和火焰传播方向条件下连通容器内火焰传播过程和压力变化,并分析了连通容器内不同时刻的速度场.结果表明:火焰面在传播过程中并非完全对称,当火焰到达传爆容器后,湍流燃烧剧烈,火焰不规则变形显著;端面点火后在传爆容器内产生的压力峰值和压力波动比中心点火时更大;当起爆容器为大容器时,传爆容器内气体预压缩程度更大,压力峰值更高.     

Effects of vacuum levels,carbon dioxide,and structural sizes of linked vessels on dump vessel vented

The method of explosion venting is widely used in industrial explosion-proof design due to its simple operation, economical and practical features. A dump vessel vented platform was built. By changing the vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessels and the structural size of linked vessels, the pressure in the explosion vessel and the dump vessel was compared, and the influencing factors of explosion venting investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: In the explosion venting process, the higher the vacuum in the dump vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel, and the faster the explosion pressure is lowered. When the dump vessel is under the same vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessel is CO₂, the maximum pressure of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel is less than the maximum pressure when the containment medium is air. Under the same vacuum condition, the larger the volume ratio of the dump vessel and the explosion vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel, the faster the explosion pressure drops, and the volume of the dump vessel reaches or exceeds the explosion vessel. Increasing the volume ratio of the containment vessel to the explosion vessel facilitates protection of the explosion vessel and the containment vessel. Under the same vacuum condition, when the gas explosion in 113 L vessel vents into 22 L vessel, the longer the length of the pipe, the greater the maximum pressure in the spherical vessel. When the gas explosion in 22 L vessel vents into 113 L dump vessel, as the pipeline grows, the maximum pressure in the two vessels decreases, but the reduction is not significant. In practical application, it is recommended to use a vacuum of 0.08Mpa or more for the dump vessel vented, and the containment medium is CO_2.In terms of the structural size of the container, it is recommended that the ratio of the receiving container to the explosion container be as large as possible, and the pipe length be as long.     

Dust explosion protection in linked vessels: guidance for containment and venting

Much industrial dust-handling plant consists of vessels connected by pipelines. If a dust explosion propagates through such a system, the overall explosion event can be more violent than if a single vessel only is involved, due to a combination of increased turbulence, pressure piling and a jet flame ignition source in the second vessel. This paper gives guidance, based on an extensive experimental programme reported previously, on two aspects of the protection of interconnected vessels: containment and venting.     

Experimental investigation of gas explosion in single vessel and connected vessels

Gas explosion in connected vessels usually leads to high pressure and high rate of pressure increase which the vessels and pipes can not tolerate. Severe human casualties and property losses may occur due to the variation characteristics of gas explosion pressure in connected vessels. To determine gas explosion strength, an experimental testing system for methane and air mixture explosion in a single vessel, in a single vessel connected a pipe and in connected vessels has been set up. The experiment apparatus consisted of two spherical vessels of 350 mm and 600 mm in diameter, three connecting pipes of 89 mm in diameter and 6 m in length. First, the results of gas explosion pressure in a single vessel and connected vessels were compared and analyzed. And then the development of gas explosion, its changing characteristics and relevant influencing factors were analyzed. When gas explosion occurs in a single vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and pressure growth rate with ignition at the center of a spherical vessel are higher than those with ignition on the inner-wall of the vessel. In conclusion, besides ignition source on the inner wall, the ignition source at the center of the vessels must be avoided to reduce the damage level. When the gas mixture is ignited in the large vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and explosion pressure rising rate in the small vessel raise. And the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rising rate in connected vessels are higher than those in the single containment vessel. So whenever possible, some isolation techniques, such as fast-acting valves, rotary valves, etc., might be applied to reduce explosion strength in the integrated system. However, when the gas mixture is ignited in the small vessel, the maximum explosion pressures in the large vessel and in the small vessel both decrease. Moreover, the explosion pressure is lower than that in the single vessel. When gas explosion happens in a single vessel connected to a pipe, the maximum explosion pressure occurs at the end of the pipe if the gas mixture is ignited in the spherical vessel. Therefore, installing a pipe into the system can reduce the maximum explosion pressure, but it also causes the explosion pressure growth rate to increase.     

泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的试验研究与数值模拟

为了解泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的发展过程,采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法对玉米淀粉在圆柱形容器内的泄爆过程进行研究。数值模型采用欧拉–拉格朗日方法模拟粉尘爆炸的两相流问题,通过求解非稳态的湍流两相反应流守恒方程对试验进行二维仿真。试验和模拟结果表明,点火位置对爆炸发展过程有明显影响,点火位置离泄爆口越远,容器中的最大泄爆压力Pred,max越高。在粉尘爆炸的安全防护设计中,应把点火位置作为重要影响因素之一加以考虑。     

球接管容器气体爆炸尺寸效应的试验研究与数值分析

为了解尺寸对球形容器连接管道甲烷-空气混合物爆炸的影响规律,利用Fluent软件,采用κ-ε湍流模型、涡耗散模型(简称EDC模型)、壁面热耗散、热辐射模型及SIMPLE算法,建立了球形容器连接管道内甲烷-空气混合物爆炸的数值模型,对容器与管道内甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸的尺寸效应进行了数值模拟。结果表明:随管道内径增大,球形容器内最大爆炸压力逐渐增大,管道末端最大爆炸压力变化无明显规律;而随管道长度增加,球形容器内最大爆炸压力逐渐减小;改变管道内径,较大体积球形容器内最大爆炸压力均大于较小体积球形容器内最大爆炸压力,最大爆炸压力上升速率的规律则相反,容器体积对管道末端最大爆炸压力的影响无明显规律。     

Analysis of the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of a liquefied natural gas road tanker: The Zarzalico accident

The road accident of a tanker transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) originated a fire and, finally, the BLEVE of the tank. This accident has been analyzed, both from the point of view of the emergency management and the explosion and fireball effects. The accidental sequence is described: fire, LNG release, further safety valves release, flames impingement on vessel unprotected wall, vessel failure mode, explosion and fireball. According to the effects and consequences observed, the thermal radiation and overpressure are estimated; a mathematical model is applied to calculate the probable mass contained in the vessel at the moment of the explosion. The peak overpressure predicted from two models is compared with the values inferred from the accident observed data. The emergency management is commented.     

在役压力容器安全操作思路探讨

压力容器是一种广泛使用的特殊设备，一旦使用不当或容器缺陷未及时处理，就有可能发生爆炸和介质泄漏事故。这些事故不仅危害操作人员安全，而且危及周围环境，发生易燃易爆介质的二次爆炸。合理有效地控制运行参数，是预防压力容器事故的重要途径。     

工业过程爆炸事故模式及其破坏效应探讨

从工业生产中的介质类型出发,通过对内装固体的、液体的及气体的介质装置可能发生的爆炸事故和破坏效应进行分析预测,编制了相应的分析流程图。结果表明:无论从哪种介质进行分析,最终的爆炸事故模式只有凝聚相爆炸、气云爆炸、沸腾液体扩展蒸气云爆炸及各类形式的容器爆炸。简要分析了几种事故模式破坏效应的最佳计算模型和应用实例,证明了所做的分析预测和编制的流程图,可以很好地应用于判断事故模式中爆炸源性质及其破坏效应,是对爆源的一个定性分析方法,同时为爆炸能量计算的重要依据。工业过程爆炸事故模式及其破坏效应的研究对企业的安全生产及爆炸事故的预防具有一定的实用价值。     

Towards an inherently safer bioprocessing industry: A review

The bioprocessing industry is regarded as one of the fastest growing sectors with an estimated compound annual growth rate of 8.6%. The global market for biopharmaceuticals is projected to rise to a market value of USD 727.1 billion by 2025. Due to the unique nature of bioprocessing industries wherein micro-organisms are employed to manufacture the desired products, these processes are prone to additional hazards such as biological hazards and dust explosion amongst others. This necessitates the need to review the existing research in the fields of biotechnology and bioprocessing to reduce/eliminate these hazards and pave the path towards a safer bioprocessing industry. The study involves developing a framework comprising of studying the recent technologies that reduce/eliminate these hazards involved in the bioprocessing industries that include dust explosions, loss of containment of toxic chemicals, loss of containment of biohazard/active product ingredient, fire, and explosion and mapping these technologies with respect to inherent safety principles that include substitution, minimization, moderation and simplification with an overall objective of minimizing the risk associated with bioprocesses and moving towards an inherently safer bioprocessing industry.     

Experimental study of the venting characteristics of dust explosion through a vent duct

To further understand the dynamic mechanism of dust explosion through a vent duct, we designed a small-scale cylindrical vessel connected with a vent duct and performed a dust explosion venting experiment under different opening pressures using corn starch as the explosive medium in this study. The results show that weakening effect of duct on venting is positively correlated with the opening pressure. The explosion pressure in the duct presents a three-peak-structure with time, successively caused by the membrane breaking shock wave, the secondary explosion in the tube, and the continuous combustion, and decreases gradually with the propagation distance. Meanwhile, the three pressure peaks are positively correlated with the opening pressure, while the time interval between them goes to contrary. The increase of opening pressure leads to the increase of secondary explosion intensity and reverse flow in the vessel, further accelerates the reaction rate in the vessel, and then shortens the duration of combustion in the vessel until the phenomenon of flame reignition in the vessel disappears.