长白山天池火山的研究现状与展望

较详细地介绍了近年来长白山天池火山喷发历史、火山形成机制、火山系统的探测和火山灾害的研究现状，指出了当前研究中存在的一些主要问题。建议今后应加强火山活动历史研究；探测岩浆作用及其动态变化，限定火山失稳条件；研究岩浆作用和火山触发机制；开展火山作用的试验模拟和火山灾害区划的定量模拟研究；建立火山灾害预警系统，制定火山灾害应急预案，以达到减轻火山灾害的目的。     

基于RS和GIS的长白山火山灾害风险评估研究

火山灾害风险评估是火山减灾的重要研究内容之一。长白山火山是中国最具潜在喷发危险的活火山。围绕火山灾害危险性、致灾因子危险性、社会经济易损性，发展了基于GIS和RS的火山灾害风险评估面源模型，对长白山火山灾害风险进行了评估，并编辑了长白山火山灾害风险评估图。研究表明，长白山火山灾害风险在空问上表现为距离衰减规律，离天池越远，风险值等级越低；高风险区位于天池附近，围绕天池呈环状展布；较高风险区向东北方向延伸，主体位于安图境内；中风险区范围相对较大，主要位于安图、和龙、长白、靖宇、抚松境内。为检验评估方法的有效性和可靠性，将长白山火山灾害风险评估图与已知的单因子风险评估图进行了对比研究，结果表明该方法具有相当大的实用价值。     

火山喷发沉降物扩散理论模型

对Suzuki二维扩散模型进行了改进，用改进的模型计算了火山喷发碎屑沉降分布，获得了沉降沉积物的多峰结构及第二沉降峰的分布特征，进一步讨论了风速和β参数对沉降峰分布的影响；对我国长白山天池火山喷发碎屑沉降物的分布特征进行了模拟，这一模拟对火山活动区的灾害评估和减灾防灾，以及地球动力学研究都有积极的意义。     

五大连池老黑山火山的两次喷发活动

老黑山是五大连池火山群中最年轻的火山.通过对老黑山火山锥体结构及其形态分析指出,老黑山火山并非单锥,而是由先、后不同时期形成的两个锥体叠加组成的复合锥,表明它有两次喷发活动.通过对新发掘出的史料的分析,进一步指出,老黑山火山的第一次喷发时间为1720(不是1719年)-1721年,第二次可能为1776年.两次喷发活动的确认为研究老黑山火山喷发历史、喷发过程、喷发危险性评价和灾害预测等提供了新依据.     

利用多源数据融合研究长白山天池火山的喷发期次及空间分布

利用ERS－2 SAR，Landsat TM和全色航空照片等图像，结合测年、野外地质考察等资料，在GIS平台上利用多源数据融合、小波变换、神经元网络分类等手段，研究了长白山天池火山的喷发期次及分布，为火山灾害制图及危险性评价提供了重要依据。     

火山灾害及其监测预防

本文阐明火山灾害是一种重大自然灾害,给人民生命财产造成严重损失。文中指出当前火山活动进入新的活跃期,提出我国火山灾害的潜在危险。我国许多休眠火山区,正在成为新的经济开发区和旅游疗养、开发地热和建材资源的新兴城镇,人口迅速增加,经济蓬勃发展。但还没有采取有效的火山监测研究和防灾措施。作者建议,应把火山监测研究纳入政府防灾日程,制定规划,拨出专款,把防御火山灾害同国土开发,经济建设结合起来。     

什么是火山?

全球陆地上已知的活火山超过1500座，海底火山更多，但目前还不能对其进行安全统计。火山大多呈现孤立的圆锥形，它由火山喷发时喷出的熔岩、火山灰和碎石落下后规程而成，地球内部有许多炙热的岩浆，     

板内火山喷发机制的研究

本文从地幔对流的观点出发，结合物理学中的涡旋定律及热爆炸理论，指出地幔对流涡旋中心摩擦生热导致的热爆炸导致氚，氚的热核反应炸裂涡旋中心上部地壳形成板内火山喷发，并利用美国Ｇｏｄｄａｒｄ宇航中心的卫星重力扰动位系数，反演了五大连火山地区的地幔对流图像，指出五大连池火山地区存在－地幔涡旋。     

探访庞贝古城的灾害文化

还是在20年前的1989年,笔者在动笔写作《失误学与人为灾害研究导论》一书时,曾专门研究了发生在公元79年的维苏威火山喷发,以致彻底毁灭庞贝古城的文献。     

海南有座休眠活火山

“海南有个火山口,那是一座死火山”,这是人们对海南火山的普遍认识。然而,海南并非有一座火山,也并非所有的火山都是死火山。事实上,海南是我国新生代以来火山活动最强烈、最频繁、持续时间最长的地区之一。据统计,海南岛北部地区自新生代以来,共有10期59回次的火山喷发,保存至今的火山有100余座,分布于海口、琼山、文昌、琼海、定安、澄迈、临高、儋州等8个市县以及洋浦经     

Research on Methods for Building Volcano Disaster Information System--taking Changbai Mountain as an example

1IntroductionAs a many-volcano-distributed country,China is covered with many volcanoes and lava rocks.A-mong the one-thousand-or-so volcanoes,Changbai Mountain Volcano,Wudalianchi Volcano,Tengchong Volcano and Ashikule Volcano of West Kunlun are the mostlatentcatastrophic erup-tive active volcanoes.In recent years,the activity of the earth' s crust in some volcanic areas isobviously becoming increasing violent.Butfew scholars have monitored and evaluated volcano inChina.So building VDI…     

Satellite Observations of Lava Lake Activity at Nyiragongo Volvano, Ex-Zaire, during the Rwandan Refugee Crisis

In June 1994 the summit crater of Nyiragongo volcano, located in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, began to fill with new lava, ending nearly 12 years of quiescence. An earlier eruption of the volcano in 1977 had culminated in the catastrophic draining of a lava lake through fissures in the crater wall, feeding highly mobile lava flows which reached the outskirts of Goma and killed more than 70 people. By July 1994, as many as 20,000 Hutu refugees were arriving in Goma every hour, only 18km south from the summit of Nyiragongo. The exodus brought more than one million people to the camps near the town raising fears of a repeat of the 1977 eruption. This paper examines the role that satellite remote sensing could have played in surveillance of the volcano during this time, and demonstrates the potential for monitoring this and other volcanoes in the future. Images recorded by the spaceborne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) – freely available over the Internet – provide semi-quantitative information on the activity of the volcano. The aim of this paper is to promote the wider use of readily available technologies.     

The 1928 Eruption of Mount Etna Volcano, Sicily, and the Destruction of the Town of Mascali

In November 1928 there was an eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily, which led to lava largely destroying the town of Mascali, situated low on the eastern flank of the volcano. Destruction of the town took just over a day but there was an orderly evacuation of its inhabitants and, with help from the military, families were able to remove furniture and fittings from their houses. Evacuees were relocated to nearby towns staying with relatives, friends or in hired apartments. Rebuilding Mascali provided an opportunity for the fascist government of the time to demonstrate efficient centralised planning. A completely new town was built on a grid-iron plan with many of the buildings reflecting the 'fascist architecture' of the time. The town was complete by 1937 and housing condztzons were very advanced in comparison with other towns in the region. The 1928 eruption is important as it was the most destructive on Etna since 1669 when the city of Catania was overwhelmed. In terms of hazard and risk assessment the 1928 eruption demonstrates that lava can reach the lower flanks of the volcano within a short period after the onset of an eruption.     

五大连池火山危险性分析

针对五大连池火山危险性问题进行了一系列的地球物理反演和分析,通过对现代岩交流心概念和国外活火山实例剖析,采用岩浆固结的Ｓｔｅｆａｎ问题的葩演了岩浆房的固结曲线和固结时间：引入ＳＦＴ理论探讨了五大连池火山岩浆碎屑化机制;利用壳幔结构化Ｒ值的分析方法分析了五大连池火山区地壳稳定性;采用火山区卫星重力异常剖面的分析方法探讨了五大连池火山区地幔物质活动性,结合五大连池火山现代喷发的史料分析,模拟了五连池火     

再现实际地震振动,为抗震工程学和防震作出贡献——日本实大三维地震动破裂实验设施正式启动

地震、海啸、火山喷发等大规模自然灾害发生前以及发生后,实施适当的防灾对策和采用先进的防灾技术将有助于人类的自我保护。日本建设并启动实大三维震动破裂实验设施——世界最大级震动台,将对再现构造物在地震时的破坏实态、预测破坏以及防止破坏技术的研究发挥积极作用。本文对此作简要介绍。     

Volcanic Disaster Mitigation in the Philippines: Experience from Mt. Pinatubo

Considerable progress has been made in volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines during the last four decades, since the devastating Hibok-Hibok eruption in 1951 and the establishment of the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL), the forerunner of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) in 1952. The management of the Pinatubo Volcano eruption crisis of 1991-92 marks the highest point in the development of volcanic disaster mitigation in the country. State-of-the-art volcano monitoring techniques and instruments were applied; the eruption was accurately predicted; hazards zonation maps were prepared and disseminated a month before the violent explosions; an alert and warning system was designed and implemented; and the disaster response machinery was mobilized on time. The unprecedented magnitude and lingering nature of the hazards, however, and their widespread, long-term impacts have sorely tested the capability of the country's volcanic disaster mitigation systems. In particular, the lahar threat has triggered controversies and put decision makers in a dilemma of choosing between adaptive versus confrontational/control approaches. At least three strategies have been articulated and adopted in varying degrees and forms: (1) the establishment of a lahar monitoring-warning-evacuation system to deal with the lahar problem on an emergency basis; (2) relocation of settlements from the hazard zones; and (3) installation of engineering countermeasures to control/divert the lahar flows and protect settlements. A combination of the three appears to be the best, but the most effective and least costly mix remains to be determined.     

全球不同区域火山爆发与中国夏季旱涝的关系

根据近500年来火山活动和中国旱涝资料,研究了中国旱涝型和各主要地区旱涝指数与不同火山区和不同季节火山爆发的统计关系,探讨了1991年江淮洪涝与该年6月火山爆发的可能联系。发现不同区域火山爆发对中国不同地区的旱涝影响不同,有的甚至截然相反。由统计检验表明,分区研究比不分区研究其信度明显提高。