灾害学杂志1996年～1998年度所刊论文获奖情况汇编

编号作　者论　文　名　称刊　　期获奖情况1 许炳南陈世平 贵州农业“两旱”的气候特征及其防御 1 997年 1 2卷 2期贵州省科技进步三等奖2 丁宗洲安从俊湖北省碘缺乏病流行特征及防御对策 1 996年 1 1卷 4期湖北省科技进步三等奖3郭达志盛业华等地貌对矿区环境、灾害的影响与对策 1 996年 1 1卷 3期劳动部科技进步三等奖4孙振华上海市城市人为灾害的灰色预测 1 996年 1 1卷 2期上海市科技进步二等奖5石玉成石窑防震减灾与文物保护 1 998年 1 3卷 4期国家文物局科技进步四等奖6杜兴信等 渭河下游洪水、地震灾害综合风险分析与损失评估1 997…     

20世纪中国自然灾害对社会经济影响的时代变化与阶段差异

20世纪，伴随中国社会经济的巨大变化，自然灾害呈现显著的时代变化与阶段差异。1900～1949年，半封建半殖民地的中国，减灾近于空白，多种巨灾频发，造成巨大人口伤亡和严重饥荒，加剧人民贫困和社会动荡。1950—1979年，新中国建立初期，减灾能力较低，自然灾害频繁，巨灾仍常有发生，不仅造成严重人口伤亡和财产损失，而且对社会经济发展产生严重影响。1980年以后，随着中国经济持续快速发展，减灾能力不断提高。在这种背景下，自然灾害出现新的特点：受灾人口增加，但死亡人口显著减少，且基本杜绝了饥荒；自然灾害的破坏作用与影响范围越来越广，造成的直接损失与间接损失越来越大，但相对损失越来越小；自然灾害与资源、环境的关系越来越密切，因此对社会经济可持续发展的影响越来越深远。     

秋季保健小贴士

金秋季节，秋高气爽，天气转凉，昼夜温差较大，气候变化无规律，是各种病病的多发季节。北方雨水稀少，形式天气干燥，易出现口干，     

阿旗地震局落实短临跟踪责任

内蒙古赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗自2003年8月16日发生5．9级地震后，阿旗地震台作为监测地震活动的重点台站，时刻保持高度的警惕性，于2006年修订短临跟踪方案，科学细化相关责任，分解落实到人，建立群测群防有效预防的新机制，充分发挥专业优势和地域优势，进一步完善了观测人员岗位责任制，以岗定责，以责定奖，以奖促效，努力构筑全社会科学防御体系。     

国际减灾术语（2009年版）

生物载体包括暴露的致病性微生物，毒素和生物活性物质的传播过程或现象，可能造成的生命死亡，损伤，疾病或其他对健康的影响，也包括财产损失，丧失生计和社会服务，以及对经济和环境的破坏。     

春季健康养生之道

春季是生发的季节，天气由寒转暖，自然界各种生物萌生发育，弃故从新。中医认为，受四季之气影响，人体的气血阴阳会随之发生变化。春季阳气始生，气血渐趋于表，毛孔初开，血气稍减，所以有“困”的感觉。夏季阳气流溢，气血通达于表，毛孔开，汗大泄，所以常有“昏昏欲睡”的感觉。而秋季阳气始衰，阴气始生，气血渐趋于里，但充而不实，所以仍有“乏”的感觉。     

如何应对旅途突发疾病

春节是中国人团圆的节日，但拥挤的旅途除了会让我们归家的企盼施得冗长外，更增加了许多疾病隐患。人们在长途旅行中，由于环境拥挤，互相干扰等多种因素，易导致种种“急症”，严重影响身体健康，     

脲酶抑制剂对EICP防风固沙效果的影响研究

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积(EICP)的固化技术因其环境友好且经济高效，能够在荒漠风积沙表面形成固化层，起到防风固沙作用，逐渐被应用于土地荒漠化和沙化治理。然而，碳酸钙在土体表面的快速沉积，产生孔喉效应，使碳酸钙积淀在土体表面，造成固化深度浅、固化效果不均匀。为此，使用脲酶抑制剂延缓尿素水解，实现对碳酸钙沉淀生成速率的调控，进而优化土体表面固化效果，提高其防风固沙能力。结果表明，NBPT 的添加能有效延缓尿素水解速率，降低初期碳酸钙的生成速率，但不影响碳酸钙最终生成量。NBPT 的抑制效果与浓度、混合时间关系密切，浓度越高，混合时间越短，其抑制效果就越好。与未处理试样相比，无论是否添加 NBPT，经 EICP 处理的试样抗风蚀性均明显提高。向 EICP 溶液中添加 NBPT 能有效改善土体固化层表面强度、厚度和碳酸钙分布，浓度为 0.1 g/L 固化效果最佳。SEM 和 XRD 试验结果显示，添加 NBPT 后，碳酸钙晶体形貌多为球状和针簇状，而这种针簇状晶体之间的相互交织与嵌套可提高 EICP 固化效果。     

重视地理学科中生命意识的培养

近十年来，我国在继日本和美国之后，已成为世界第三个灾害损失最为严重的国家。为此，处理好人与自然的关系，避免人的生存环境受到威胁，是当前十分紧迫且需要解决的问题。汶川大地震警示我们，人的生命是最宝贵的，强调防患未然，须臾不可懈怠。在地理教学中充分利用相应的减灾教育资源，加强减灾的知识和技能教育，可以逐步培养学生关爱生命、尊重生命，与自然和谐相处的生命意识与能力。是真正的以人为本的教育。     

黄河下游历史泥沙灾害的宏观特征及其与流域因素及人类活动的关系(Ⅰ)──历史气候及植被因素的影响

以历史上黄河下游的决溢频率为泥沙灾害的代用指标；研究了黄河下游历史泥沙灾害的宏观特征．研 究表明，气候因素对黄河下游决溢频率有深远的影响．隋唐以前，天然植被尚未遭到显著破坏，当湿润指标 增大时，有利于植被的生长，故黄河下游决溢频率减小．１０世纪以后，二者的关系与此相反，当湿润指标增 大时，决溢频率也增大，反之亦然．每世纪大旱年颁次与每世纪决溢频次之间呈明显正相关，说明目前受到 各方面广泛关注的黄河下游“小水大灾”现象，在历史上已经存在．干旱时期中，河槽萎缩，一旦大水来 临，很容易发生决溢．以华山松树木年轮指数为气温的代用指标，研究了气温变化与决溢频率变化的关系， 结果表明，在５０ａ的尺度上，当气温降低时，决溢频率增大，反之亦然．人类活动是影响黄河下游泥沙灾害 的重要因素．     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.