A baseline assessment of emergency planning and preparedness in Italian universities

Besides offering teaching and research services, schools and universities also must provide for the safety and security of their employees, students, and visitors. This paper describes emergency preparedness in a sample of Italian universities. In particular it examines risk perception within a specific professional category (university safety and security officers) in a specific cultural context (Italy). In addition, it discusses the transposition and implementation in a European Union (EU) member state of EU Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989, on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers. The findings highlight heterogeneous and fragmented emergency management models within the Italian university system, underlining the need for a stricter framework of standardised safety protocols and emergency management guidelines. The study also points out that enhancing emergency planning and preparedness in Italian universities entails increasing safety leadership, employee engagement and individual responsibility for safety and security; essentially, it necessitates improving the culture of risk prevention.     

高新技术产业中的灾害经济问题初探

高新技术产业是知识经济时代的主要支柱产业，其快速发展在为人类带来巨大利益的同时，往往具有更高的孕灾潜势和事故风险。本文分析了高新技术灾害经济问题的特殊性，并提出了减灾防灾应采取的主要措施。     

An assessment of Disaster Risk and its Management in Thailand

Historically, Thailand has been a disaster-free country, suffering only minor losses from natural hazards through the years. Emerging as a newly industrialised nation, the kingdom now faces an increased risk of economic and public damage from man-made disasters associated with rapid development. A risk assessment was carried out on the level of disaster management. That assessment was preceded by an analysis of the traditional definitions of disaster risk, resulting in a redefinition to fit the needs of this study. This holds that the risk of disaster is the product of hazards, vulnerability and the level of management exercised over both the hazard and the vulnerable elements.
The results of the risk assessment, conducted through analysis of those three components, are discussed along with impediments which may hinder good disaster or accident management. Floods, in both natural and man-made manifestations, were identified as the highest risk factor, followed by major accidents and explosions, both man-made hazards. Major recommendations arising from the study included the consolidation of disaster management responsibilities currently held by several agencies into a central co-ordinating committee, the review and restructure of related law and regulations, the conduct of provincial and country-wide hazard assessments and the creation of a 'culture of safety' in Thailand     

河西走廊地质灾害成因分析与防治对策

河西走廊是一个地质灾害多发区,其主要灾害有滑坡、泥石流、土地沙漠化、水土流失和土地盐渍化等.本文利用河西走廊酒泉、张掖和武威三地区的降水、暴洪灾害和地质灾害等资料,分析了该区主要地质灾害的成因和特点,结果表明,强降水是引发滑坡、塌陷和泥石流等地质灾害发生的主要原因,自然因素和人为因素共同构成了这些灾害的发生.分析了它们的主要出现地,圈定了落区,为今后准确预报地质灾害提供了科学依据.还提出了减少地质灾害发生的有效措施.     

航空遥感影像上震害解译的结构模型与几何特征的获取

首先给出了基于航空遥感影像的震害分类方案及各种震害在遥感图像上的主要特征，提出了一种震害解译的结构模型。然后讨论了震害的几何测度指标，并研究了震害几何特征的获取，最后对遥感影像震害解译的前景进行了展望。     

基于熵权-集对分析模型的重大危险源安全等级评价研究

针对国内危险化学品事故频发,但危险源分级监管研究不足的现状,尝试将集对分析理论应用于重大危险源安全等级评价中。以评价指标集合与分级标准集合构成一组集对,利用熵权法计算出各项评价指标的客观权重,再结合同异反联系度函数求出各指标单项联系度及加权平均联系度,以此为依据判定重大危险源的安全等级。研究案例的实施情况表明,熵权-集对分析模型充分考虑了危险源安全因素中的不确定性,并且通过熵权值能够识别出影响系统安全的关键指标;与传统方法相比,该模型具有较高的可行性和易操作性,可以为重大危险源的安全监管和事故预防工作提供理论支持。     

Typhoon hazards in the Shanghai area

There are three major typhoon hazards that apply to the Shanghai area. First, galeforce winds can damage buildings and service facilities. The most severe damage from this occurs only when a typhoon strikes Shanghai directly. Second, both the urban and rural sections of Shanghai are liable to flooding during typhoon seasons. These floods occur when typhoon-induced storm surges coincide with high spring tides and meet with high discharges from the river network as a result of the typhoon downpours. Third, typhoon-induced torrential rain has caused waterlog hazards, particularly in the most densely populated parts of Shanghai. The waterlog hazard has been exacerbated by land subsidence and poor management of pumping systems. In order to prevent disasters happening and reduce the scale of damage, the government has issued construction guidelines and invested in flood defences. Further measures are to be brought in including engineering projects, educational programmes and insurance policies.     

陕西韩城市地质灾害空间分布规律与防治

实地调查表明,韩城市地质灾害分布具有明显的空间规律,以韩城断裂为东、西区域的分界线,东部黄土台塬区以黄土崩、滑为主,西部低山区则地裂缝和地面塌陷十分发育;研究认为,韩城市地质灾害具有某种集中发育的特征,在成因上除了与降雨量有明显正相关关系外,西部区域主要决定于人类的采矿活动,东部区域则受控于自然地质因素;不同成因的地质灾害其防治措施是不一样的,西部以工程治理为主,东部则以生物防治为主.     

云南省地质灾害

云南省地质灾害(地震、泥石流、滑坡、崩塌、火山活动等)是我国地质灾害最严重的省份之一。本文就云南省主要地质灾害的概况、分布、危害及基本特征做一简要论述,以引起人们对地质灾害的重视,提高全社会防灾、减灾意识。     

Institutional Arrangements for Flood Hazards in Malaysia: An Evaluation Using the Criteria Approach

Institutional aspects of flood hazards significantly affect their outcomes in Malaysia. Institutional arrangements to deal with floods include: legislative activity, organisational structures, attitudes and sub-culture, and policies and instruments. When assessed in terms of four specific criteria, institutional aspects of flood hazards are found to be largely inadequate. Disaster reduction programmes are over-dependent on a reactive approach based largely on technology and not even aimed at floods specifically. Structual flood reduction measures are the predominant management tool and, although the importance of non-structural measures is recognised, thus far they have been under-employed. Current laws and regulations with regard to flood management are also insufficient and both the financial and human resources of flood hazard organisations are generally found to be wanting. Finally, economic efficiency, equity and public accountability issues are not adequately addressed by institutional arrangements for flood hazards.     

Coping with riverbank erosion hazard and displacement in bangladesh: survival strategies and adjustments

As a deltaic plain, Bangladesh annually experiences riverbank erosion hazard due to sudden and rapid channel shifting, particularly in the major floodplain areas of the country. Consequently, valuable cultivable land is lost; also village settlements, markets and towns are destroyed, displacing tens of thousands of people. This paper examines the magnitude of river channel migration and encroachment on land, and the nature of human adjustment systems in the Brahmaputra–Jamuna floodplain, by investigating aspects of the social and cultural dynamics of resettlement of the displaced people. Some policy measures are recommended to improve the ability of the people in the floodplain to cope with these hazards.     

江西农田鼠害及其防治措施

农田鼠害是江西农业生物灾害中的主要灾种之一，它具有发生面积之、造成损失重、灾情越来越严重的特点，本文在回顾了江西农田鼠发生概况的基础上，简述了农田害鼠的种类、分布、主要特征及其发生发展规律，并从自然因素和人为因素等方面分析了鼠害成灾的主要原因，最后，提出了农田鼠害的防治措施。     

公路隧道坍塌灾害治理效果的GPR检测技术

以湖南省常吉高速公路度龙田隧道ZK 207+300~255坍塌地质灾害为例,详细地探讨了检测坍塌灾害治理效果的高精度地质雷达(GPR)检测技术。在综合分析和研究隧道坍塌灾害的基本情况及灾害治理措施的基础上,结合现场施工记录,采用GPR检测技术,准确地查清了塌方处理中注浆饱满度情况,检查了塌腔内是否仍存在危害隧道安全的空洞或松散体;同时,对塌方地段加密设置的钢拱架数量与间距也进行了准确的检测和判定。工程实践表明:结合隧道坍塌灾害相关资料及现场调查,GPR可以无损、快速、准确地检测隧道地质灾害治理效果和整治质量,为准确评价地质灾害治理效果提供科学依据,这对于减少工程隐患、确保工程质量、指导隧道施工具有重要的工程应用价值。     

湖南省水灾及减灾研究

本文根据湖南省历史的和现状的水灾资料,对该省水灾状况进行了全面分析,阐述了具体减灾思路,分别论述了该省山区与湖区水灾的减灾问题。     

Spatial and temporal analysis of natural hazard mortality in Nepal

The impacts of natural hazards are typically measured in terms of loss of human lives and economic damage, and recent studies demonstrate that deaths attributed to natural hazards have increased. Using the publicly available DesInventar database, we examined spatial and temporal patterns of natural hazard mortality from 1971 to 2011 at the district and village levels of Nepal and identified natural hazards that contributed most to mortality. Spatial clusters of mortality at the district and village levels were detected using local and global spatial autocorrelation measures (Moran's I). Landslides (41.91%) and floods (32.52%) accounted for approximately three quarters of natural hazard mortalities over the study period. A Global Moran's I test positively confirmed clustering at both the district (0.199, p?p?相似文献   

Policy options for managing flood insurance

In much of the developed world, private sector insurance plays an important but often underappreciated role in the management of natural disasters. Insurance works by spreading individual and independent risks across all policyholders. This notion succeeds for uncorrelated risks such as theft and motor accidents, but is problematic where risks are highly correlated in space and time, as in the case of natural hazards. Insurers transfer much of this risk to international reinsurers who are guided by the principle that natural catastrophes in different parts of the world are uncorrelated. Global diversification allows reinsurers to confer to direct insurers the same assurance that insurers offer their policyholders. This paper outlines these principles and poses questions as to how a government might respond when insurers assess some risks as uninsurable. It considers a range of policy options including some that seek to avoid situations where interference by governments in the marketplace has proved unhelpful. A key paradigm is that insurance premiums should reflect actual risk in order to encourage homeowners, planners and government decision makers to reduce risks. While our focus is riverine flood risk, the principles can be generalized to a wide range of natural hazards.     

山地灾害垂直地带性及其对南水北调西线第一期工程的影响

由于形成山地灾害的多种自然因素具有垂直地带性，尤其作为主要动力因素的水，超过一定高度后由液态成为固态，从而造成了山地灾害的垂直地带性。山地灾害从高到低可分为冰雪带、冻融带和流水（古地下水，裂隙水）带，高低两带之间主体界线在南水北调西线工程及其邻近地区为4900m和3500m。各带均有其特点，其中对西线第一期工程及其下游地区可能造成重大影响的有：大型的冰崩、雪崩、冰湖崩决、滑坡或古滑坡复活、泥石流、泥石流坝或滑坡坝溃决。但这些大型山地灾害在该地区不很严重．今后出现的可能性小，只要引起重视，妥善处理，可以避免或减轻其危害。     

民用建筑结构燃爆事故及防灾措施

收集了一些典型民用燃气爆炸事故的实例, 在此基础上对结构的破坏形式进行了分类,并分析了引起各种结构破坏的主要原因, 通过分析提出了防止结构破坏的具体措施     

电力污闪事故的气象条件分析

对1980-2003年长治市发生的26次严重电力污闪事故进行了调研分析.找出了其中主要电力污闪事故发生的成因及其时空分布特征.对诱发污闪的主要气象条件(浓雾、小雪、雨夹雪、毛毛雨、小雨、冰融等恶劣天气)和气象要素(相对湿度、气温、风向、风速、结冰、积雪等)进行了综合分析,给出了污闪事故发生的各类气象条件综合性判别指标以及事故发生可能性的分级预测标准,并提出了预防电力污闪的一些安全措施.     

联邦德国自然灾害保险述评

灾害保险作为减轻灾害损失的重要手段,受到了国际社会的广泛关注。本文评述了德国的自然灾害保险发展体系及保险人、保险业及国家在灾害保险中的职能关系,可为我国开展灾害保险提供借鉴。