铁路汛期行车安全对策——雨量警戒制度研究

雨量警戒制度是铁路部门用于指导进行汛期警戒 ,确保线路汛期行车安全的一种安全保障制度 ,由警戒标准、防御标准和管理制度 3部分组成。它是一种分级、分段和各工种联控执行的警戒制度 ,其技术关键包括警戒标准和防御标准的制定。本文提出了雨量警戒制度警戒标准的指标体系 ,建立了警戒标准的制定方法与工作程式 ,并以成昆铁路雨量警戒制度的制定与实施说明了其应用。所提方法对铁路部门制定汛期行车安全对策具有普适意义。     

山区铁路灾害防御体系研究—以成昆铁路（北段）为例

安全是铁路运输工作及其改革和发展的前提。本文在总结成昆铁路有关方面多年防灾实践的基础上,提出了铁路灾害防御体系的基本框架,并将整个体系划分为日常管理、汛期警戒和抢险救灾3个不同运行状态,明确了各个运行状态的中心任务。本文的研究对已有铁路沿线灾害防御体系的完善和新建铁路及其它部门灾害防御体系的建立有一定的参考价值。     

西安市汛期降水变化特征及驱动机制研究

变化环境下城市内涝灾害事件频发,已严重威胁城市居民生命财产安全,汛期降水强度大、持续时间长、影响范围广,是城市内涝主要致灾因子,通过分析城市汛期降水变化特征并进一步揭示其驱动机制,可为城市防洪减灾与水资源管理提供参考。本文采用Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平和连续小波变化等方法分析西安市1951-2017年汛期降水变化特征,采用交叉小波和小波相干揭示太阳黑子、大气环流异常指数北极涛动(AO)、南方涛动指数(SOI)、厄尔尼诺(ENSO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)、北大西洋振荡(NAO)对西安市汛期降水变化驱动机制。结果表明:西安市汛期降水量主要集中在中雨和大雨。汛期降水总量、小雨和暴雨降水量均呈减少趋势,日降水量、中雨和大雨降水量呈增加趋势。汛期降水总强度、日降水强度、月降水强度和不同等级降水的强度均呈增加趋势。汛期降水集中度Q指数呈增加趋势,降水日数减少,汛期降水有更为集中的趋势。汛期降水量存在1958和2002年两个突变点,并且有7-9年的显著周期。AO和太阳黑子对汛期降水的影响最为显著,其次为SOI、NAO和ENSO,PDO的影响相对较弱。AO、SOI、PDO和NAO对汛期降水主要存在正向驱动,ENSO对汛期降水主要为负向驱动。1975年之前太阳黑子对汛期降水有正向驱动,1975年之后则为负向驱动。     

塌陷土洞的地面安全警戒距离研究

土洞塌陷后如何确定地表的安全警戒距离是实践中亟待解决的问题,但现有研究成果很少。采用数值计算方法,考虑塌陷后土洞的空间效应,按轴对称模式进行建模,然后提出了分析塌陷土洞内壁临界稳定坡角和地表安全警戒距离的方法。通过对既有塌陷土洞案例的计算,初步验证了该方法的有效性。然后采用该方法研究了土洞内壁临界稳定坡角随土洞半径和洞深变化的规律。在此基础上,计算得到了典型塌陷土洞的地面安全警戒距离分布情况。分析表明,塌陷发生在一般路基压实土范围内时,地表安全警戒距离最大值可取2.5 m;对于一般正常固结土,地表安全警戒距离最大值可取5.0 m。该成果可供土洞抢险时参考。     

浙江省梅汛期降水与洪涝灾害的长期变化

梅汛期降水是引发浙江省洪涝灾害的重要原因之一.首先,应用相关分析,对浙江省境内57个气象观测站29年来(1971-1999)梅汛期降水的空间分布特征进行了分析,论述了省内不同地区梅汛期降水的长期变化规律.分析发现,这一时期的梅汛期降水明显呈现缓慢增加的趋势,并有着6年和3-4年的显著周期,这说明梅汛期降水可能与ENSO存在着一定的联系.最后,探讨了梅汛期降水异常与洪涝灾害之间的关系.     

基于洪灾发生频率的辽宁省汛期分期研究

以辽宁省近55年(1956-2010年)历史洪涝灾害为研究对象,依据洪涝灾害在年内各时段的发生频率,进行汛期划分.从55年的洪灾资料中共摘录洪灾44次,其中一般灾害27次,严重灾害17次.根据各候一般灾害和严重灾害次数,确定辽宁省汛期为6月1日-9月5日,主汛期为7月11日-8月20日.55年的洪涝灾害统计表明,汛期一般洪灾和严重洪灾所占比例达到100％,主汛期严重灾害比例达到100％,一般洪灾比例达到70.4％.汛期降水和径流占全年60％以上,主汛期占全年30％～40％.与辽宁省主要流域代表性水文站点降水和径流汛期分期结果的对比分析表明,洪涝灾害的发生时间、频率、等级能够反映降水和径流的年内变化特征,重大灾害的出现与主汛期的出现具有同步性.     

近50年中国汛期暴雨旱涝的分布特征及其成因

利用全国160个站点的汛期降水量资料，采用EOF展开并结合聚类相似方法分析了我国汛期旱涝的分布类型和暴雨雨量对每个雨型的多雨带位置和强度的贡献，还探讨了我国汛期主要雨型的500hPa大尺度环流背景。对暴雨和雨型的研究结果表明：主要多雨带中心区域与暴雨总量的显菩正距平区域有很好的一致性，这说明我国汛期8个主要多雨带类型的多雨中心主要是由频繁的暴雨造成的。     

基于前期有效雨量的山洪灾害临界雨量探讨

从山洪灾害形成的条件入手,分析了广东省瑶安小流域1958-2011年发生的10场山洪灾害雨量资料,认为降雨是该区山洪灾害的重要诱发因素,且灾害发生当日降雨量与前4d有效雨量之间关系最为密切。利用该两者之间关系分别作出了警戒雨量和转移雨量基准线,分析了该地区山洪灾害形成的警戒雨量和转移雨量,探讨该区山洪灾害形成的临界雨量条件。     

全国洪涝灾害警戒水域遥感数据库的研制

由于以往对发生的洪涝灾情没有形成统一的、客观的评价标准,而不同来源的各种数据往往大相径庭,使有关部门难以了解实际灾情。为此,提出了“警戒水域”的概念,利用TM和NOAA／AVHRR图像数据建立了我国七大江河地区洪涝灾害易发区的警戒水域遥感数据库,并用以指导洪涝灾情的监测与评估,为防洪救灾决策提供科学的、可靠的、时效性强的信息。该数据库的建立在我国的抗洪救灾中发挥了重要的作用。文章对其研究方法与其关键技术进行了介绍．     

海安地区近1000年来的气候变化与洪灾

对海安地区史志资料作了搜集与整理,利用Mann-Kendall法对该区1951年以来汛期总量与夏季最高温作了突变检测分析,以对该区近1000年来洪旱灾害的发生规律做一探讨.结果表明,小冰期时期湿润与波动剧烈的气候条件是研究区频繁发生水灾的一个重要因素,同时研究区地势低平,极易遭受水灾、热带风暴及海潮涨溢的影响.MK突变检验表明,研究区汛期总量的突变发生时间大致在20世纪60年代中期,而历年夏季最高温序列在20世纪90年代中期发生突变,具体时间大致在1993年左右.汛期总量在20世纪90年代以前呈波动下降趋势,但在其后汛期径流量又呈上升趋势;夏季最高温在20世纪90年代以前呈波动下降趋势,而在其后呈波动上升趋势,夏季最高温与汛期总量变化趋势相一致.夏季极端高温事件发生概率的增大可能导致洪灾事件的增多,因而在未来气候持续变暖的情景下,研究区乃至长江下游防洪抗灾任重而道远.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

Public Nutrition from an Approach to a Discipline: Concern's Nutrition Case Studies in Complex Emergencies

The Public Nutrition approach, like that of Public Health, is context specific. It places an emphasis on populations rather than individuals and is inter-disciplinary in nature. Both approaches seek to understand the complex aetiology of a clinical outcome such as malnutrition within the widest possible framework. Public Nutrition uses the UNICEF conceptual framework and adapts and expands it. The authors of this article argue – through the examination of a number of case studies taken from the work of Concern Worldwide (hereafter referred to as Concern) in southern Sudan, Rwanda, Angola, Tanzania and DRC – that there are two critical constituents of the Public Nutrition approach. These are: a contextual analysis (including the use of surveillance information for programme design and advocacy) and community involvement at all stages of the project cycle. Some of the key obstacles to the adoption of the Public Nutrition approach are identified by illustrating two practical programme settings. For the Public Nutrition approach to be more widely used, the authors recommend a number of key strategies including the further dissemination of case studies and the clarification of the scope and boundaries of the approach. These strategies will enable Public Nutrition to evolve both as a practical programme framework as well as an academic discipline.     

Natural disasters in Australia

The history of natural hazards in Australia and their physical, economic and social consequences are discussed in this paper. The lack of any national programme for hazard mitigation is identified, alongside an overview of Australia as a country where major disasters are accepted as a part of everyday life.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Where the exception confirms the rule: The cyclones of 1982-1983 in French Polynesia

The island groups of French Polynesia, which had not experienced any really devastating cyclones since the beginning of the century, were hard hit several times between December 1982 and April 1983. This paper reviews the cost of damage from these cyclones and shows how lowered public awareness of the hazard in a low-frequency area combined with the special economic conditions prevailing in the Territory to make the total cost much higher than it need have been. Ways and means of rehabilitation are analyzed. The development of the thermal imbalance in the Pacific, which appears to have triggered this series of natural disasters, only seemingly exceptional, is briefly discussed.     

Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?

Resilience is widely seen as a desirable system property in environmental management. This paper explores the concept of resilience to natural hazards, using weather-related hazards in coastal megacities as an example. The paper draws on the wide literature on megacities, coastal hazards, hazard risk reduction strategies, and resilience within environmental management. Some analysts define resilience as a system attribute, whilst others use it as an umbrella concept for a range of system attributes deemed desirable. These umbrella concepts have not been made operational to support planning or management. It is recommended that resilience only be used in a restricted sense to describe specific system attributes concerning (i) the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and still remain within the same state or domain of attraction and (ii) the degree to which the system is capable of self-organisation. The concept of adaptive capacity, which has emerged in the context of climate change, can then be adopted as the umbrella concept, where resilience will be one factor influencing adaptive capacity. This improvement to conceptual clarity would foster much-needed communication between the natural hazards and the climate change communities and, more importantly, offers greater potential in application, especially when attempting to move away from disaster recovery to hazard prediction, disaster prevention, and preparedness.