水汽和风速对雾霾中PM2.5/PM10变化的影响

依据北京2013年PM2.5/PM10、GPS水汽和无线电探空风速资料,发现水汽变化与PM2.5/PM10变化呈正相关,风速变化与PM2.5/PM10变化呈负相关。在风速较小情况下,水汽变化与PM2.5/PM10变化呈显著正相关,水汽上升对应了GPS水汽变化与PM2.5/PM10质量浓度的上升,水汽下降则对应了PM2.5/PM10质量浓度的下降。分析了水汽与PM2.5/PM10变化显著正相关的原因。     

北京极端天气事件及其与区域气候变化的联系

应用逐日观测资料分析了北京极端天气事件的变化及其与区域气候变暖的可能联系，得到了如下结论：（1）近30多年来高温和闷热事件在增加，低温、大风、雷暴和大雾事件在减少，暴雨和沙尘暴的出现频率无明显的变化。（2）高温、闷热、低温、大风、雷暴和大雾存在着较强的年际变化，但不具有明显的周期性特征，暴雨和沙尘暴事件分别存在10年和8～10年的主周期变化。（3）年平均气温和高温、闷热、低温、大风等极端事件之间存在着较强的相关性，这些极端天气事件的变化与区域气候变暖关系密切。     

沂沭断裂带上跨断层定点水准高值变化分析

2001年8月,沂沐断裂带上的冯家坊子和相公庄定点水准测量在更换了DiNill数字水准仪后同时出现高值变化。本文计算了冯家坊子、相公庄水准2000～2002年1～7月高差中数的偶然中误差,利用t检验、f检验对不同年相同时间段的均值、方差进行了统计检验,并结合地下水位、降雨、温度、环境等因素从定量和定性两个方面分析了水准观测值与它们之间的关系;讨论了引起水准观测值出现显著变化的原因。结果表明:冯家坊子、相公庄水准出现的高值变化与更换了数字水准仪有关,而冯家坊子水准出现的高值变化还与温度、地下水位变化有关,相公庄水准SN向出现的高值变化还与周围环境干扰有关。     

约束钢筋混凝土十字形柱的高温轴力分析

利用结构抗火分析软件SAFIR,研究了高温下约束十字形柱的轴力变化过程,考察了众多参数对该过程的影响规律,初步建立了其实用计算方法。研究结果表明:1荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、转动约束刚度比、荷载偏心率、截面尺寸对该变化过程影响较大,而柱长度、材料强度、混凝土保护层厚度、配筋率则对该过程影响较小。2随着轴向约束刚度比增加,轴压柱和偏压柱的轴力变化系数峰值均逐渐增大,且后者的增大效应相比前者更为显著。3有无转动约束存在对轴压柱和偏压柱的轴力变化系数峰值影响有限,非零转动约束刚度比的大小对轴力变化系数随升温时间的变化过程影响很小。4随着荷载比增加,轴力变化系数峰值迅速减小,这一趋势对于偏压柱更为显著;随着荷载偏心率增加,轴力变化系数迅速增大。由于火灾中相邻构件之间相互约束作用的客观存在,正确把握高温下约束构件的内力变化过程对科学解释其真实火灾行为是必要的。     

影响人体健康的气象因子综合指标的探讨

气象因子的变化（气温、湿度、风、太阳辐射、大气化学物质等）能引起人体健康状况的变化，我们把气象因子变化对人的生理和心理的反应分为舒适，稍不舒适，不舒适，极不舒适４种状况。本文试图从各个气象因子的变化对人体的影响，得到各自变化的经验关系式，综合考虑各个气象因子的舒适度，得出气象因子对人体影响的综合指标。     

汶川地震后陕甘川交界地区重力应急监测及变化分析

流动重力方便快捷,能快速获取重力场变化信息。汶川8.0级大震后中国地震局立即开展震后重力应急监测,陕甘川交界地区重力观测显示:①汶川震后陕甘川交界的沙洲、碧口、青木川地区形成了重力变化大于60×10^-8ms^-2的局部重力异常区及其伴生的重力变化高梯度带,重力变化最大值达到70×10^-8ms^-2多,重力异常与强余震的空间分布存在密切的联系。②望褒线重力与垂直形变变化活跃,靠近断裂重力与垂直形变变化剧烈。③利用重力资料对汶川震后地震趋势进行了正确的判定。     

京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性变化研究

研究灾害脆弱性的变化有助于深入理解灾害及灾害风险的形成机制。在重新审视承灾体系统灾害脆弱性的分析层次和描述角度之后,深化了对地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的影响因素和描述指标的再认识,完善了以主成分分析为核心技术的分析该类脆弱性时空变化的数理方法。以此为基础,以1985、1995、2000和2004年为代表时期,对京津唐地区20多年来的地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的变化做了进一步的分析和总结。主要结论是:研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性20多年来的时空变化可分解为少数几种脆弱性模式的变化;1985年以来,该类脆弱性的空间分异格局整体稳定;但是,各地自身脆弱与否的程度20多年来的变化却很显著——各大中城市市区的脆弱程度显著增强,其他地区整体减弱,且变化幅度前者显著大于后者;研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的时空变化主要受该地区的人口和经济特别是工商业经济的增长、城市化发展和产业结构的调整等3方面因素所驱动。     

基于快速傅立叶变换的短时水汽变化周期研究

水汽对于强降水过程形成、PM微颗粒生成及雾霾形成至关重要,水汽的短时周期变化可为暴雨预警、雾霾形成机理分析提供参考。该文采用快速傅立叶变换方法开展短时水汽变化周期研究。开展无线电探空水汽的快速傅立叶变换,分析无线电探空水汽周期;利用快速傅立叶变换方法开展GNSS水汽短时变化周期分析,并开展与温度、相对湿度、气压的变化周期比较分析。研究发现:水汽存在日周期、半日周期以及3 h(接近3 h)的周期变化。相对于温度、相对湿度和气压来说,水汽除了存在相同的日周期、半日周期外,还存在更短时间的周期变化,说明水汽对于太阳辐射更为敏感。     

安徽嘉山台的多极距电阻率观测

利用1990年以来安徽嘉山台的多极距电阻率观测资料进行反演分析，结果显示： 嘉山台的浅层(第一层)电阻率变化幅度最大，认为是受气象和灌溉等因素的干扰； 第二层变化幅度迅速减小； 第三层变化平稳； 深层(第四层)电阻率变化幅度比二、 三层大，可能与层厚为∝有关，原因尚须进一步研究。     

多断层破裂下单双峰地震动参数对比分析

大地震多断层破裂方式将导致地震动时程形状的改变和更为严重的震害。为揭示多断层破裂方式对地震动特性的影响,以5·12汶川地震记录为基础,推求了单、双峰地震动的峰值、持时及频谱的衰减关系式,对比分析了单、双峰地震动参数的差异性。研究结果表明:伴随多断层破裂产生的双峰地震动的峰值、持时及频谱均大于单峰地震动的相应值;单、双峰地震动参数随断层距增加的变化趋势相同,变化快慢程度不一致,表现为双峰地震动的峰值加速度和能量持时随断层距变化的变化速度要快于单峰地震,双峰地震动的峰值速度、绝对持时及加速度反应谱值随断层距变化的变化速度则要小于单峰地震。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。