The influence of caste,class and gender in surviving multiple disasters: A case study from Orissa,India

Sociological and anthropological studies in India reveal that caste, class and gender in everyday life are both rigid and dynamic, but little is known about how they influence the survival mechanisms of women during ‘multiple disasters’, nor about how women negotiate with these structural mores to meet their cultural and biological needs. This is explored through the experiences of 12 women-headed households from different social castes in Orissa, India. Multiple disasters or disasters that occur in ‘one specific place’ (such as floods, cyclone and drought) are regular events in coastal parts of the state of Orissa. The super-cyclone of 1999, two floods of 2001 and 2003 and drought of 2000 and 2002 form the case study. Participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentary evidence complement the fieldwork. The findings suggest a complex interplay of caste, class and gender in surviving the multiple disasters including structural mutability under the purview of social organization. In doing so, women demonstrated their individual and collective agencies in order to meet their cultural and biological needs under severe crisis. This research stresses that gender and disaster studies must include a consideration of caste and class for effective disaster management and social vulnerability reduction.     

基于灰色-模糊理论的农业旱灾风险分析

从农业旱灾的自然与社会双重属性出发,并考虑系统的不确定性,分析了农业旱灾风险。应用信息扩散理论计算了干旱出现机率,将灰色系统理论和风险分析理论相结合,在确定干旱出现机率的基础上计算农业旱灾灰色风险率,前者考虑了系统的模糊不确定性,后者考虑了对系统认知缺乏所产生的主观不确定性,完善了农业旱灾风险分析,为防灾减灾和开展政策性农业保险提供参考。     

区域性旱涝灾害的系统对策模型及其应用

依据一定区域内作物受旱涝 (包括连阴雨 )危害的系统可控性 ,提出一种旱涝灾害的对策模型 ,并阐明了模型建立的有关问题 ,且给出实例     

农业干旱灾害关系函数研究

自然灾害Ｄ由孕灾环境（Ｅ）、致灾因子（Ｃ）和承灾体（Ｓ）三大因素共同作用产生，其关系函数为Ｄ＝ｆ（Ｃ，Ｓ，Ｅ）。农业干旱亦是如此，因此，要深入掌握农业干旱的机理，就必须对农业干旱中的这三大因素进行研究。本文对农业干旱三大因素进行了分析，经过数值简化并应用一定技巧后，提出了量化求解此关系函数的方法。对此关系函数进行进一步分析可以看出，该方法实质亦为区域农业干旱脆弱性评价的一种间接方法。有关澜沧江下游     

农业旱灾脆弱性评价--以北方农牧交错带兴和县为例

基于区域自然灾害系统理论,构建了农业旱灾灾害系统及其脆弱性评价指标体系,建立了农业旱灾脆弱性综合评价模型,指出农业旱灾脆弱性评价是一个过程性评价:灾前-灾中强调区域农业生产系统的易损性,灾中-灾后强调区域里的人应对旱灾的适应性.以地处北方农牧交错带的兴和县为例,进行了农业旱灾脆弱性评价,结果表明:农牧交错带的农业旱灾脆弱性在县域尺度上主要受农牧用地比例的影响,在农户尺度上取决于非农牧收入比例的大小,所以合理、有效的农牧结合发展和非农牧产业发展有利于降低该地区的农业旱灾脆弱性.     

吉林省城市干旱缺水风险评价体系与模型研究

以吉林省地级城市为研究对象,从造成城市干旱缺水的致灾因子危险性,承灾体的暴露性、脆弱性和防旱抗旱能力四个方面着手,利用自然灾害指数法、加权综合评价法和层次分析法,建立了城市干旱缺水风险评价模型,引用城市干旱缺水风险指数(UDRI),对城市干旱缺水风险程度进行了评价,并借助GIS技术绘制了吉林省城市干旱缺水风险分布图,以期为实现吉林省水资源可持续利用、保障区域经济可持续发展和老工业基地改造战略实施提供科学依据.     

近50年中国旱灾的时空变化

采用省级报刊信息源 ,建立了中国旱灾数据库 ,运用数字地图技术 ,重建了 194 9～ 2 0 0 0年中国旱灾的时空格局。研究表明 :全国旱灾空间格局总体呈东西分异 ,重旱灾区域在北方 ,并相对集中分布在黑龙江西部、内蒙古中部、河北北部、陕西北部和宁夏 ;在南方主要分布在中部 5省 (安徽、湖北、湖南、江西和河南 )及四川东部、贵州和云南中东部。全国旱灾的范围有向西部扩展的趋势。全国旱灾动态变化趋向总体呈现南北分异。长江以北地区为旱灾灾次增多区 ;长江以南地区为旱灾普遍减少区或变化不明显区。     

云南省Palmer旱度模式的建立——2010年干旱灾害特征分析

2010年春季云南省发生了特大干旱灾害,造成了严重的经济损失。按照Palmer旱度模式的思路,利用云南省的气象和土壤数据,建立了云南省的Palmer旱度模式。通过将计算得到的Palmer指数值与云南省的实际旱涝灾情历史记录进行对比,发现所建立的Palmer旱度模式能够较好地反映云南省的旱涝情况。基于该模式对2010年云南特大干旱灾害进行了特征分析,结果表明,此次干旱灾害是云南省30年来干旱变化过程中的一次突变。而且结果显示,在2010年的云南干旱灾害中,严重干旱地区整体呈现东西走向的空间分布,极端干旱地区主要分布在云南省的东南部。     

河北省旱涝灾害历史特征研究

通过分析河北省旱涝灾害的历史状况，得出黉灾呈逐年减轻、时灾呈逐年加重的认识，旱灾是河北省的一种主要自然灾害，探讨了该省旱涝灾害的时空分布规律，在时间上具有季节性、持续性和阶段性，在空间上具有地域性，对增强水患意识，防汛抗旱，今后的防灾抗灾提供了科学依据。     

基于TM与MODIS遥感数据的农业旱情监测——以河北省为例

以河北省冬小麦种植区域为研究区,基于TM和MOD IS遥感数据,利用植被供水指数法确定了研究区旱情等级。首先,将其与遥感解译获得的冬小麦空间分布图叠加得到受灾冬小麦空间分布图;然后以1 km的距离在受灾冬小麦周围做缓冲区,并与通过人口密度模型获得的人口密度空间分布图叠加,得出受灾人口空间分布;最后基于光能利用率改进模型构建粮食产量回归统计模型,得到粮食产量。目的是从粮食产量和作物受灾影响人口两个方面对农业受干旱影响情况进行遥感监测和定量评价,以期为相关部门制定防灾、抗灾措施提供科学依据。结果表明,2004年研究区:(1)春季受灾面积小,仅占16.4%;(2)旱情较轻,以轻旱为主,占受灾面积的89%;(3)冬小麦种植面积约为23 965.0 km2,受灾面积约606.3 km2,主要位于唐山市和保定市;(4)粮食产量回归统计模型精度达到了87%,冬小麦产量约为11939247 t,单产约为498.8 t/km2。     

基于遥感参数特征空间的福建省干旱监测

归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST)是描述地表特征的两个重要参数,通过新型的MODIS卫星数据反演得到NDVI和LST,采用基于NDVI-IST特征空间的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)模型,对2001-2002年福建省发生的严重秋冬春连续干旱灾害进行了监测验证,并利用气象观测数据对VTCI模型临测结果进行了分析.研究结果表明:VTCI模型能够真实地反映地表水分供应状况,能较好地反映区域旱情分布和旱情发展过程,VTCI值越小表示干旱灾害越严重.当旬的VTCI平均值与前一旬的降水量有着较高的相关性,利用VTCI模型能够近实时进行干旱监测,具有较高的业务化应用前景.     

河北省农业旱灾脆弱性动态变化的成因分析

以县域为单元，对河北省不同时段的农业旱灾脆弱度进行了评估。通过ＧＩＳ制图，揭示了农业旱灾脆弱度的时间和空间变化规律，分析了脆弱性动态变化的自然基础及社会、经济因素，提出了今后进一肯降低农业旱灾脆弱性、保持可持续发展所面临的问题，为宵业旱灾管理与区划提供了科学依据。     

The role of microcredit in reducing women's vulnerabilities to multiple disasters

This article explores the relationship between microcredit and vulnerability reduction for women-headed households in'multiple disasters'. Here multiple disasters are understood as disasters that occur in one specific place and cause severe devastation. The case study covers the super-cyclone in 1999, floods in 2001 and 2003, and drought in 2002 in Orissa, India. The study entailed eight months fieldwork and interviews with several governmental and non-governmental officials and 12 women-headed households from different social castes. The findings suggest that microcredit is a useful tool to replace women's livelihood assets that have been lost in multiple disasters. But inefficient microcredit delivery can cause microdebts and exacerbate caste, class and gender inequalities. It is posited that microcredit delivery cannot achieve vulnerability reduction for women in multiple disasters unless it is complemented by effective financial services, integrated policy planning and disaster management between government, non-governmental organisations and the community.     

甘肃黄土高原气象旱度模式研究

干旱是限制甘肃黄土高原农业可持续发展最主要的自然灾害之一，研究适合该区的干旱指标，是进行有效干旱监测的基础。为了制定出考虑因素较全面、具有时空可比性的适合甘肃黄土高原情况的干旱指标，依据帕默尔旱度模式的基本原理和方法，针对甘肃黄土高原的实际情况，从建模资料长度、站点密度、可能蒸散计算、土壤田间持水量和径流计算等几个方面对原有模式进行了修正，用甘肃黄土高原12个代表站的资料，建立了旱度模式，并确定了权重因子。在此基础上，计算了20个代表站点的气象旱度值，并与实际旱情记载进行了对照检验。结果表明，用该模式计算的旱度值与实际灾情吻合得较好，能够反映出该区干旱程度的变化情况，特别是对一些重大旱段。通过修正后的甘肃黄土高原的气象旱度模式与原美国帕默尔旱度模式和中国1985年修正的帕默尔旱度模式的比较，进一步说明该模式适合应用于干旱评估和监测业务。     

洞庭湖区农业水旱灾害演变特征及影响因素——60年来的灾情诊断

以洞庭湖区1950-2009年的灾情?雨情和水情等资料为依据,运用灾害系统理论与方法,分析了湖区农业水旱灾害的演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明:在水旱灾害时间序列中,其演变特征表现为:⑴具有明显的频发性,不同等级的旱灾在1950-1999年间为间歇发生,但2000年以来为连年发生,不同等级的水灾年年发生;⑵水旱承灾体受灾率?成灾率异常指数的演变具有高位波动性,其中以水灾波动幅度最大;⑶水旱灾害损失演变的总体趋势表现为:水灾损失减少,旱灾损失稍有增加;⑷三峡水库运行以来,毁灭性的洪溃决堤灾害得到有效控制,但涝渍灾害仍然频发,夏秋连旱灾害年年发生。水旱灾害的这些演变特征即是洞庭湖流域降水量年际、年内分配不均,河?湖?库蓄水量年际年内变化大,以及湖区各个阶段对防洪?排涝?抗旱等水利设施建设投资力度的差异等因素综合作用的结果。     

Long-term gendered consequences of permanent disabilities caused by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake

This study documents the long-term gendered impact of the 2005 Pakistan earthquake on women and men who were rendered paraplegic as a result of spinal cord injuries sustained during the disaster. Coping mechanisms are also mapped. The findings show that three years after the disaster, paraplegic women are socially, emotionally, and financially isolated. The small stipend they receive is a significant source of income, but it has also led to marital distrust, violence, and abuse. In contrast, men receive full social and emotional support. Their key concern is that the government is not providing them with opportunities to be economically productive. Contemporary discourse and post-disaster policies, while acknowledging the importance of incorporating a gender perspective in the immediate post-disaster period, have failed to acknowledge and address the longer-term gendered impact of disasters, in terms of the different types of impact and strategies adopted by women and men.     

Emergency drills for agricultural drought response: a case study in Guatemala

Drills are an important element of disaster management, helping to increase preparedness and reduce the risk of real‐time failure. Yet, they are not applied systematically to slow‐onset disasters such as a drought, which causes damage that is not instantly apparent and thus does not solicit immediate action. This case study evaluates how drills inform institutional responses to slow‐onset disasters. It spotlights Guatemala, a country where drought has severe impacts on livelihoods and the food security of small farmers. By implementing part of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food's institutional response plan for drought, it explores how drills can help to detect issues in emergency response and to foster an institutional focus on improvements in preparedness. The results reveal that drills alone do not trigger institutional improvements if unsupported by a wider strategy that seeks to enhance capacities and protocols. These findings are valuable, however, in making problems transparent and in creating the space for discussion.     

Gender and Hurricane Mitch: reconstructing subjectivities after disaster

Much of the gender and disaster literature calls for more gender-sensitive disaster relief and research by focusing on the ways in which women are more vulnerable in a disaster or on their unique capabilities as community leaders or natural resource managers, which are often overlooked or underutilised in emergency management strategies. As well as seeking to overcome the (strategic) essentialism that is part of these calls and debates, this paper pays closer attention to gender identity and subjectivity as these are constructed and reworked through the disaster process to highlight the complexities and contradictions associated with women's responses to a disaster. This focus, while crucial to gaining a deeper understanding of the gendered dimensions of disaster, also complicates attempts to create more gender-sensitive frameworks for disaster response. It draws on qualitative research conducted with a number of women in the wake of Hurricane Mitch (1998) in Nicaragua.     

干旱、农业旱灾与农户旱灾脆弱性分析——以邢台县典型农户为例

从微观农户角度分析了干旱、农业旱灾和农户旱灾脆弱性的成因。文章认为，自然降水不足或与作物需求匹配不均是造成农业干旱的动力，农户对干旱的应付能力不足是导致干旱成灾的原因。这种应付能力既受区域水资源可利用量的限制，也与农户的作物种植结构、灌溉支付能力、风险认识和对农业的依赖程度有关。农户旱灾脆弱性既与农业干旱有关，又受到人均资源和收入、种植和消费结构、生态环境质量、政策、市场价格等多重因素的作用。最脆     

基于农户尺度的农业旱灾成灾风险评价与可持续发展

在对雨养和灌溉农业典型区农户问卷调查的基础上,提出了成灾风险的概念和评价思路,构建了农户尺度农业旱灾成灾风险的评价指标体系和模型;基于国家农村调查队的统计数据,对典型区农业旱灾成灾风险进行了评价,确定了人均纯收入2500和2750元,以及人均粮食产量200和800kg为几个影响农业旱灾成灾风险变化的临界值.最后,提出了雨养/灌溉农业典型区降低成灾风险的可持续发展策略,如波动的农牧业政策、提高自然降水利用率等.