Foundations of community disaster resilience: well-being,identity, services,and capitals

If community disaster resilience is to mature into a robust and lasting area of research, methodologically facilitated dialogue between empirical observations and theory is necessary. However, methodological and empirical research has outpaced community disaster resilience theory. To address this gap, a theoretical framework called WISC is presented. WISC is named after four constructs of the framework: well-being, identity, services, and capitals. WISC relates the two concepts of community and infrastructure, broadly defined, to the four constructs it is named after. The 4 constructs are respectively defined by 29 variables. The broadest interpretation of WISC is that infrastructure supports and facilitates components of community within human settlements. Infrastructure is represented as combinations of capitals and services; community is represented by connections of identity and well-being. Ultimately, well-being of a community is dependent on that community's collective capital. But these two constructs are mediated by the intervening constructs of identity and services. WISC goes beyond existing frameworks by addressing essential elements of theory building that have been overlooked in the literature, while synthesizing other frameworks and areas of knowledge. WISC provides a powerful foundation for posing and evaluating hypotheses, improving data collection efforts, and, most importantly, enabling critical theory building.     

台湾集集地震近断层强震地面运动加速度时程的随机特性

将强震地面运动加速度时程看作随机过程,选取台湾集集地震的30组近断层加速度时程为样本,研究其相关特性。3方向集系上的自相关矩阵和互相关矩阵表明3方向的加速度时程均为非平稳随机过程,并且相关系数的分布是随机的,这种随机相关性是无法用确定性的数学模型来模拟的。为此,又研究了样本函数的相关特性,即随机过程样本函数的相关函数,结果发现在随机过程的相关函数中包含有明显的随机函数分量,即相关函数仍为一随机过程,我们称这样的随机过程为超随机过程,本文建立了超随机过程相关函数的数学模型。本文的研究表明近断层强地面运动为一复杂的随机过程,对其相关特性的研究应当包括相关系数(性)的大小和相关系数(性)的随机分布两个方面。     

福建晋江地震地质灾害分区

收集了晋江市大量的工程地质勘察资料,针对晋江市区场地工程地质条件,从地震地质背景、历史震害的影响出发,依照相应规范和地质类比等方法,通过对晋江市区地震砂土液化、软土震陷、地震边坡效应、地震断层破坏效应的评判,结合地层、地形地貌分布情况,进行了震害效应分区.     

Health implications of the Tumaco earthquake, Colombia, 1979

A retrospective study of the effects of the Tumaco earthquake of 1979 shows a smaller number of deaths and injuries than in earthquakes of similar magnitude that have occurred elsewhere, which is probably related to the type of building. Most of the deaths were caused by a tsunami. Proportionally the mortality was higher in the 0 to 4 age group. Among the injured, most of the lesions were minor. Morbidity was higher in the over 45 years age group, and lower among the "under-fives." There was an evident need for a simple "disaster medical record card." Coordination among the different relief agencies could have been better.     

2011年1月1日江苏建湖ML3.5地震的震源机制

<正>据江苏数字地震台网测定:2011年1月1日前后,在江苏省建湖、阜宁交界地区发生了一次有感震群活动,最大震级为M_L3.5,时间为2011-01-01 T17:07,地点位于建湖(ψ_N33°30′,λ_E119°50′,见图1)。     

突出重点 全面防御 健全体系 强化管理 社会参与 共同抵御

陈建民局长在2011年全国地震局长会暨党风廉政建设工作会议上指出,科学规划＂十二五＂时期的事业发展,按照＂科学防灾、积极避灾＂的要求,大力开展基础探测工作,加强抗震设防要求与行业抗震设计规范的衔接,强化监管,把防震保安工作纳入新农村建设,全面提升民居的抗震能力,实现有效减灾。     

Deconstruction of destruction stories: narrative,inequality, and disasters

A commonly‐held belief is that natural disasters do not discriminate. This paper, though, poses the following theoretical question: what does the elision of race, class, and gender in the news media say about disasters in the neoliberal era? It draws on the author's analysis of two prominent newspapers—The New York Times and USA Today—and their coverage of the recovery process after devastating tornadoes in two towns in the United States (Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Joplin, Missouri) in 2011. The study asserts that the narrative of the news media is one with which people are familiar and that it fits into larger ‘formula stories’. It utilises theoretical treatments of narrative to demonstrate how differences are erased and how they lead to complicity in hegemonic representations. Critical theory is used to elucidate why this occurs, and the paper sources Goldberg (2002) in suggesting that the news media employs ‘fantasies of homogenisation’ when representing post‐disaster communities.     

2004年12月26日印尼8.7级强震后江苏地区同震效应分析

在2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊北部发生8.7级强烈地震后,对江苏省地震前兆观测资料进行了及时的清理和分析,发现凡是能监测地下应力活动的前兆观测手段,如应变、地倾斜、水温和水位,在这次特大地震的震后都记录到了显著的异常,且异常的表现形式各不相同,将这些异常列出并浅析之,以期对进一步深入研究这次地震对我国未来地震趋势的影响有所帮助。     

Evaluation of a population mobility,mortality, and birth surveillance system in South Kivu,Democratic Republic of the Congo

Prospective, community-based surveillance systems for measuring birth, death, and population movement rates may have advantages over the ‘gold-standard’ retrospective household survey in humanitarian contexts. A community-based, monthly surveillance system was established in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in partnership with a local implementing partner and the national ministry of health. Data were collected on the occurrence of births, deaths, arrivals, and departures over the course of one year, and a retrospective survey was conducted at the end of the period to validate the information. Discrepancies between the two approaches were resolved by a third visit to the households with discordant records. The study found that the surveillance system was superior in terms of its specificity and sensitivity in measuring crude mortality and birth rates as compared to the survey, demonstrating the method's potential to measure accurately important population-level health metrics in an insecure setting in a timely, community-acceptable manner.     

青藏高原东端甘肃舟曲牙豁口滑坡复活机理研究

为深入研究青藏高原古滑坡复活机理,以甘肃舟曲县东山镇牙豁口滑坡为对象,通过对INSAR监测数据和现场地表监测数据的深入分析,探讨了舟曲县东山镇牙豁口滑坡的滑动变形阶段,并揭示其复活驱动机理。鉴于牙豁口滑坡最先启动块体高陡的后壁和侧壁失稳下滑形态可知,降雨可能只是一个诱发因子,真正触发牙豁口滑坡复活的根本原因是滑坡后缘岩土体的崩落和坪定-化马断裂带错动的影响。根据现场调查显示,目前牙豁口滑坡HI1后壁的稳定性依然较差,存在多个潜在变形区,一旦这些潜在变形体发生崩塌破坏,必然造成牙豁口滑坡的再次复活,并形成堰塞湖。通过对牙豁口滑坡复活的现场勘查与触发因子分析,为今后该区滑坡灾害的防治减灾提供必要的借鉴和依据,也对古滑坡复活机理研究提供了新的参考。     

桥梁吊索高强钢丝疲劳裂纹扩展试验与数值模拟

反复车辆荷载作用下,斜拉桥斜拉索及拱桥吊杆疲劳损伤问题日益严重。针对大跨桥梁中常用的镀锌高强钢丝,开展了应力比R分别为0.1、0.2、0.3的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究了应力比及应力幅对钢丝疲劳裂纹扩展性能的影响,每种应力比下的应力幅分别为140.4、152.1、163.8、175.5MPa。采用分步加载方法,设计不同加载应力幅在试件断裂面留下裂纹扩展时的条纹特征,利用光学显微镜对疲劳断口的疲劳条纹进行观测,得到了不同应力比下裂纹扩展深度与疲劳循环次数的a—N曲线,拟合了高强钢丝的疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型。试验结果表明:钢丝疲劳裂纹呈三阶段扩展,随着应力比R的增大,Paris公式中参数C变小,m变大。运用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了裂纹扩展过程,定量分析了裂纹扩展径向与表面方向的关系,试验结果与有限元结果吻合较好。试验得到的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,可用于大跨桥梁吊索的抗疲劳、防断裂设计及疲劳寿命评估。     

广西全州县广坑漕山体滑坡成因分析

通过对广西全州县广坑漕滑坡现场勘查,结合气象观测资料综合分析,表明广坑漕山体滑坡的主要原因是:①地质环境受人为工程破坏,山体两侧有新旧采石场存在;②滑坡点是迎风坡地形,有利强降水发生;③滑坡前当地长时间降水少,干旱导致土质疏松,后期天气转折,出现持续降水,土壤经浸泡迅速软化;④南亚季风急流突发性增大,在桂北喇叭口地形迎风坡产生剧烈上升运动,并与高空槽过境相遇造成对流性暴雨,水压力及山体自重量同时增大,导致坡体突然失稳,引发滑坡。     

岩土矿物与疾病

地方病是与地质环境有一定依存性的疾病。它的致病物质除直接来自人类生产和生活制品外,主要源于自然界的大气、水土、岩石中。换言之,人类生存发育与一定地区的水、土和生物化学元素含量有关,当某些元素含量过高,与人需要量不相适应时,就可能导致人发生某种疾病。归纳与地质因素有关的地方病有甲状腺肿(克汀病)、克山病、硒中毒、氟中毒、铜毒、铅毒症、不孕症、食道癌、肝癌、布鲁氏菌病、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、乳腺癌等。     

Entitlements, coping mechanisms and indicators of access to food: wollo region, ethiopia, 1987-88

Vulnerability to famine and traditional responses to food insecurity in Wollo Region, Ethiopia are described. The timeliness of anthropometric and socio-economic indicators of access to food is then assessed, using data collected in Wollo by Save the Children Fund during 1987–88, a period of drought and subsequent food insecurity. The movements of different indicators are then examined for evidence of correspondence at sub-district level. The author concludes that although anthropometric status does not respond as early as crop yield or grain price, a deterioration in anthropometric status is detectable at a stage when livestock and migration indicators show little or no change and mortality rate remains unaffected. At sub-district level, changes in different indicators are not well-correlated.