江西典型村镇既有房屋抗震性能分析

为进一步掌握江西村镇既有房屋的抗震能力现状,基于已有抗震调查资料及初步分析结果,以3栋典型房屋为例,开展了弹塑性有限元分析。针对1栋现存的2005年九江-瑞昌地震中受损的典型砌体结构,分析其震害特点,并对其进行弹塑性有限元分析,通过与实际震害对比,验证了有限元模型的有效性,并对早期江西村镇房屋的抗震性能进行了论述。在此基础上,对该结构增设圈梁构造柱以及改变砂浆强度,分析其对砌体结构抗震性能的影响;分别选取1栋江西典型村镇砌体结构和框架结构,进一步开展有限元分析,并结合调查数据及震害预测结果,对江西村镇既有房屋的抗震性能进行了分析。结果表明:2005年九江-瑞昌地震后江西村镇房屋的抗震性能有所提高,所调查的江西村镇既有房屋基本满足当地的抗震设防要求;增设圈梁、构造柱及适当提高砂浆强度可有效增强砌体结构的抗震性能。     

城市抗震防灾规划管理辅助决策信息系统

科学地进行城市抗震防灾规划是非常必要的。根据我国城市抗震防灾的特点，编制了城市抗震防灾规划管理辅助决策信息系统，提出了系统的设计思想、体系结构和功能结构。系统采用面向对象语言Visual C＋＋6．0在ArcGIS提供的COM组件集ArcObjects上进行二次开发，应用了多种信息技术（GIS和数据库）和辅助决策理论进行空间信息的获取、分析和计算，并编制了与查询、空间分析、决策分析和规划管理相应的功能模块。     

基于GIS的城市抗震防灾规划信息管理系统

探讨GIS在城市抗震防灾规划中的应用模式和关键技术,设计了城市抗震防灾规划信息管理系统的基本框架,并结合郑州新区抗震防灾规划工作,介绍了城市抗震防灾规划综合数据库、震害预测分析模型以及GIS辅助决策系统的研究与实现,为规划编制和实施提供重要的数据支撑和决策依据。     

空斗墙房屋抗震性能及加固的试验研究

本文概述了空斗墙房屋的抗震性能以及抗震鉴定、加固与修复。文章认为空斗墙房屋仅节省少量墙体材料,抗震性能不及同类型实砌砖房,今后不宜再建空斗墙楼房,现有空斗墙房屋应否加固或改建,首先应作抗震鉴定,其次应作经济比较。     

芦山地震建筑震害统计分析

芦山地震后,中国住房与城乡建设部和中国地震局联合组织成立专家组,对雅安市重要的公共建筑及部分民居开展了应急评估工作,对574栋应急评估建筑的震害进行了统计分析。总结分析了砖木结构、砌体结构和框架结构的震害特征,得到了不同年代建筑的破坏比及各类结构在不同烈度下的破坏比和中小学建筑破坏比。分析表明:经过抗震设计的房屋的抗震性能明显优于非抗震设计房屋;钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗震性能优于砌体结构,进而优于砖木结构。中小学房屋的抗震性能较好,优于建筑平均水平;农村自建老旧房屋是抗震薄弱环节。采用隔振技术的建筑具有较好的抗震性能。     

企事业单位的震害预测

本文给出了企事业单位的震害预测方法。其特点是:与当地地震危险性分析和场地地震动参数相结合;把结构的整体动力计算与薄弱部位抗震构件验算和普查结果相结合;把建筑物的震害预测与震害调查和试验研究结果相结合。     

常熟—太仓地震对南汇影响及震后对策

<正> 一、引言 1990年2月10日凌晨1时57分,在N31°36′、E120°59′,江苏省常熟和太仓交界处发生Ms5.1级中强地震,震中距上海市中心60公里、距南汇86公里(南汇地理坐标:N30°53′—31°09′、E120°35′—121°52′),房屋普遍摇晃,震感明显。这是自1984年5月21日南黄海6.2级地震后,距南汇最近、影响最大的一次地震,在群众中造成了较大的波动和不安。本文总结了地震对南汇的影响程度及震后所采取的对策,提出了加强农村防震抗震宣传工作的必要性。     

从九江地震看我国村镇房屋抗震设防

在总结分析九江地震震害的基础上,结合对我同华南、华东、华中、华北等一些地区村镇房屋历史震害特点及抗震能力现状调查结果的分析,指出了我国村镇房屋抗震能力薄弱的关键环节和普遍的震害规律,从工程防灾的角度论述了加强房屋抗震设防的有效性和必要性,阐述了目前我国村镇房屋抗震设防现状与口标的差距,进一步指出了加强抗震设防建设是减轻地震灾害的根本途径.     

福建省农村房屋抗震性能调查与现状分析

以福建省农村住宅建筑结构为研究对象,在现场采集该省村镇房屋基本资料的基础上,围绕课题如何提高农村住宅抗震性能,分析了框架结构、砖砌体结构、底框结构、石砌结构、砖木结构和土木结构房屋等在建筑结构设计和施工方式方面所存在的问题,提出了加强农村建筑抗震的相应措施,为福建省农村建筑抗震性能评估提供了参考标准,同时向农村普及建筑结构设计基本常识、建筑结构抗震知识也提供了资料。     

汶川地震后砌体结构房屋震害调查分析

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震后,根据四川省什邡市5幢砌体结构房屋震害的现场检测记录,以案例形式比较了房屋不同的结构形式、墙体布局、层间刚度比、构造柱设置、悬挑阳台、变形缝和选址等概念设计因素对结构抗震性能的影响,分析了结构发生各种损坏的原因,并对砌体结构房屋抗震设计提出建议。     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Public Nutrition from an Approach to a Discipline: Concern's Nutrition Case Studies in Complex Emergencies

The Public Nutrition approach, like that of Public Health, is context specific. It places an emphasis on populations rather than individuals and is inter-disciplinary in nature. Both approaches seek to understand the complex aetiology of a clinical outcome such as malnutrition within the widest possible framework. Public Nutrition uses the UNICEF conceptual framework and adapts and expands it. The authors of this article argue – through the examination of a number of case studies taken from the work of Concern Worldwide (hereafter referred to as Concern) in southern Sudan, Rwanda, Angola, Tanzania and DRC – that there are two critical constituents of the Public Nutrition approach. These are: a contextual analysis (including the use of surveillance information for programme design and advocacy) and community involvement at all stages of the project cycle. Some of the key obstacles to the adoption of the Public Nutrition approach are identified by illustrating two practical programme settings. For the Public Nutrition approach to be more widely used, the authors recommend a number of key strategies including the further dissemination of case studies and the clarification of the scope and boundaries of the approach. These strategies will enable Public Nutrition to evolve both as a practical programme framework as well as an academic discipline.     

Natural disasters in Australia

The history of natural hazards in Australia and their physical, economic and social consequences are discussed in this paper. The lack of any national programme for hazard mitigation is identified, alongside an overview of Australia as a country where major disasters are accepted as a part of everyday life.     

从我国“98”南北洪水看山西防洪问题

从我国“９８”洪灾的惨重经济损失中认为,除了气候因素外,生态环境遭到人为破坏是致灾的主要原因。以此为鉴,结合山西实际,分析了山西防洪中存在的问题及根治洪患的举措     

南京近50年冬季低温冰冻积雪事件的气候特征

应用南京逐日观测资料分析了南京低温、冰冻和积雪灾害的变化特征及其与区域气候变暖的联系,得到如下结论:①低温、冰冻、积雪事件都存在一定的年代际和年际的周期变化;冬季平均最低气温和极端最低气温具有相似的周期性特征;积雪深度的年代际尺度的周期特征明显,但是较小尺度的年际周期不明显;②近50年来南京的低温、冰冻、积雪事件呈现波动下降的趋势;③南京年均气温和低温、冰冻、积雪事件之间存在较强的相关性与区域气候变暖关系密切。     

Planning environmental sanitation programmes in emergencies

Environmental sanitation programmes are vital for tackling environmental-related disease and ensuring human dignity in emergency situations. If they are to have maximum impact they must be planned in a rapid but systematic manner. An appropriate planning process comprises five key stages: rapid assessment and priority setting; outline programme design; immediate action; detailed programme design; and implementation. The assessment should be based on carefully selected data, which are analysed via comparison with suitable minimum objectives. How the intervention should be prioritised is determined through objective ranking of different environmental sanitation sector needs. Next, a programme design outline is produced to identify immediate and longer-term intervention activities and to guarantee that apposite resources are made available. Immediate action is taken to meet acute emergency needs while the detailed programme design takes shape. This entails in-depth consultation with the affected community and comprehensive planning of activities and resource requirements. Implementation can then begin, which should involve pertinent management and monitoring strategies.