灰渣利用中辐射问题的探讨

根据五个火电厂炉渣及粉煤灰中天然放射性核素强度的定量测定数据,按国家拟定标准,对其中放射性强度做了评价,为电厂粉煤灰综合利用提供了科学依据。     

粉煤灰微量元素含量和放射性安全评价：粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之三

南京５个电厂粉煤灰中所含微量元素种类较多,其中包括一些有毒和有害元素,但含量均不高,不足以对环境产生明显的危害。５个电厂粉煤灰的放射性比活度测定表明：这些粉煤灰作为建筑砂浆的掺合料,其掺量控制在〈５５％符合国家放射性防护标准的要求,使用是安全的。     

粉煤灰田农作物中钍含量调查

在施用粉煤灰的农田中和灰场上种植农作物已有不少成功的经验。粉煤灰中天然放射性核素钍的平均含量为33.6ppm,高于一般的土壤。因此在粉煤灰田或灰场复土造田种植农作物时,农作物中钍的含量问题引起了人们的关注。我们对安徽淮北煤矿农林处的粉煤灰田农作物作了调查。结果表明,农     

粉煤灰混凝土技术的发展

总结了国内外粉煤灰混凝土技术的发展历程,评述了粉煤灰在混凝土中的应用现状,介绍了粉煤灰混凝土技术的发展前景,以及在粉煤灰混凝土中尚需开展的工作     

粉煤灰的综合利用研究

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂从烧煤粉锅炉烟气中收集的微细粉粒.由于它是一种具有火山灰活性的粒状材料,可以开发与利用.在对粉煤灰特征及其危害分析的基础上,提出了综合利用粉煤灰的战略思路,介绍了粉煤灰在混凝土建材制品中、在吸附烟气中低浓度SO2和废水处理等方面的综合利用情况.     

粉煤灰在废水处理中的应用

就粉煤灰处理废水的研究与应用现状进行了综述.粉煤灰主要通过其吸附作用(物理吸附和化学吸附)处理废水,对于城市污水、工业废水、含重金属离子、F-、PO3-4废水等均有较好的处理效果.对粉煤灰进行物理或化学改性研制高效复合粉煤灰混凝剂是提高粉煤灰利用价值的有效途径之一.同时,提高粉煤灰吸附容量以及妥善处理吸附饱和灰是当前急需解决的问题.     

粉煤灰在建筑材料中的资源化利用现状

粉煤灰是电厂排放的大宗固体废弃物,其资源化利用一直是政府和专家学者极为关注的问题.结合粉煤灰的性质特点,介绍了粉煤灰在建筑材料方面资源化利用的一些新途径和应用现状.     

施粉煤灰农田和作物的铝,硼含量变化及放射性安全评价

粉煤灰偏碱性，其铝含量虽然要比农田土壤本底高４￣５个百分点，但通常不易被植物吸收，故不会产生铝引起的危害；供试粉煤灰所含的钾和硼则给作物的增产带来了较多的益处。粉煤灰所含的放射性也不会对其周围环境产生明显的影响，施灰田作物的根、茎、叶和果实等器官的铀、钍含量均远远低于国家标准的限定值。     

粉煤灰的有效利用

介绍了我国粉煤灰利用状况及政策,结合实例分析了粉煤灰的有效利用和清洁生产对促进粉煤灰有效利用的作用。     

以物理参量快速预测原状干粉煤灰强度活性的初步探讨

通过对粉煤灰的理化特性测试以及与强度活性间的相关性研究,提出了影响粉煤灰强度活性的主要物理因素,发现粉煤灰的密度较其它物理参量更能综合地反映粉煤灰的形态效应、火山灰效应和微度料效应,并可建立一个单元(密度)回归方程,用于快速预测粉煤灰的强度活性,经初步验证,结果较正确可靠.     

Influence of composition variations on the initial alteration rate of vitrified domestic waste incineration fly-ash

Vitrification as a waste stabilization technology has often been considered applicable only to high-level radioactive waste for which, with the use of suitable additives, it yields a vitreous material with excellent chemical durability. It has become apparent in recent years that some waste forms-notably domestic waste incineration fly-ash purification residues--contain most of the ingredients of a vitrified material, although their composition variations are difficult to control. It is thus important to ensure not only that the materials are suitable for vitrification, but also that the resulting product exhibits acceptable long-term behavior under all circumstances. An initial study showed that, allowing for the compensation changes inherent in the melting process builtby EDF**, the residue collected by a single fly-ash dust separation defines a composition range within which the suitability of the vitrified material can be verified. "Vitrified material" refers to a melted material that contains no unmelted inclusions after cooling, but that may contain a variable fraction of crystallized phases. Five composition parameters were identified for the long-term behavior assessment: the concentrations of the three major elements (silicon, aluminum and calcium), the total alkali metal (sodium and potassium) concentration, and the sum of the concentrations of two toxic elements (zinc and lead). The other elements were assumed constant at molar ratios representative of industrial wastes. The experimentation plan methodology applied to the composition range identified fourteen materials suilable for developing and validating first-order models of the material components. The fly-ash composition had a very significant effect on the degree and kinetics and crystallization in the vitrified material within the experimental composition range; the cooling rate was the determining factor for some of the fourteen materials studied. Two crystailine phases predominated: spinels rich in chromium, zinc, aluminum, magnesium and iron formed quickly on cooling, and accounted for about 2 vol% of the final material. Gehelenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) crystallized massively in some vitrified materials, accounting for more than half the final product and giving it a rock-like appearance. The effect of composition alone must therefore be distinguished from the effect of crystallization on the leaching behavior. Soxhlet tests were conducted for 14 days according to a protocol based on that of the French AFNOR draft standard NF-M 60313 to determine the maximum alteration rate in pure water at 100 degrees C. The measured rate ranged from 4 to 40 gm(-2) day(-1), illustrating the crucial role of the silicon concentration: within the test composition range, a low silicon content (< 30 wt%) tended to result in a significantly higher initial rate. However, the initial rate alone is not sufficient to assess the chemical durability of the material. Further tests will be carried out at 25 degrees C under conditions approximating those of a proposed disposal site to highlight the role of the alteration layer and the effect of rising concentrations in solution on the decreasing alteration rate.     

Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator

During incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), various environmentally harmful elements and heavy metals are liberated either into bottom ash, or carried away with the off-gases and subsequently trapped in fly-ash. If these minor but harmful elements are not properly isolated and immobilized, it can lead to secondary environmental pollution to the air, soil and water. The stricter environmental regulations to be implemented in the near future in The Netherlands require a higher immobilization efficiency of the bottom ash treatment. In the present study, MSW incinerator bottom ash was vitrified at higher temperatures and the slag formed and metal recovered were examined. The behaviour of soluble elements that remain in the slag is evaluated by standard leaching test. The results obtained can provide a valuable route to treat the ashes from incinerators, and to make recycling and more efficient utilization of the bottom ash possible.     

Life cycle assessment of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitrous oxides in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator

Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitrous oxides in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator was investigated using LCA. The relationship between NO_x-cleaning and ammonia dosage was measured at the plant. Un-reacted ammonia - the ammonia slip - leaving the flue-gas cleaning system adsorbed to fly-ash or in the effluent of the acidic scrubber was quantified from the stoichiometric reaction of NO_x and ammonia assuming no other reaction products was formed. Of the ammonia slip, 37% was associated with the fly-ash and 63% was in the effluent of the acidic scrubber. Based on NO_x-cleaning efficiency, the fate of the ammonia slip as well as the environmental impact from ammonia production, the potential acidification and nutrient enrichment from NO_x-cleaning was calculated as a function of ammonia dosage. Since the exact fate of the ammonia slip could not be measured directly, a number of scenarios were set up ranging from “best case” with no ammonia from the slip ending up in the environment to “worst case” where all the ammonia slip eventually ended up in the environment and contributed to environmental pollution. In the “best case” scenario the highest ammonia dosage was most beneficial demonstrating that the environmental load associated with ammonia production is of minor importance. In contrast, in a “worst case” scenario” NO_x-cleaning using SNCR is not recommendable at all, since the impacts from the ammonia slip exceed the saved impacts from the NO_x removal. Increased dosage of ammonia for removal of NO_x is recommendable as long as less than 10-20% of the ammonia slip to the effluent of the acidic scrubber ends up in the environment and less than 40% of the slip to the fly-ash ends up in the environment. The study suggests that the actual fate of the ammonia slip is crucial, but since the release of the ammonia may take place during transport and at the facilities that treat the wastewater and treat the fly-ash this factor depends strongly on local conditions and may be hard to determine. Thus, LCA-modeling proved useful in assessing the balance between ammonia dosage and NO_x-removal in flue-gas cleaning from waste incineration.     

碱熔融—微波晶化法合成粉煤灰沸石及其对Cd2+的吸附

以粉煤灰为主要原料，采用碱熔融—微波晶化法合成粉煤灰沸石。采用XRD，SEM，TEM等技术表征了粉煤灰沸石的微观结构，并对其吸附Cd²⁺的性能进行了研究。表征结果显示，粉煤灰沸石主要由X型沸石、P型沸石和铝组成，粉煤灰沸石中有排列规则、呈蜂窝状的孔穴和孔道存在，其孔穴和孔道大小分布均匀，致密。粉煤灰沸石的比表面积为108.49 m²/g，平均孔径为3.779 nm，孔体积为0.221 mL/g。实验结果表明，在溶液pH为7、吸附时间30 min的最佳吸附条件下，Cd²⁺去除率均大于94%。粉煤灰沸石对Cd²⁺的吸附可很好地用二级动力学方程进行拟合，相关系数为0.999 99。可用Langmuir等温吸附模型描述该吸附过程，该吸附过程是单分子层吸附，主要是化学吸附，粉煤灰沸石对Cd²⁺的饱和吸附量为49.261 mg/g。     

燃煤电厂锅炉烟气PM10排放控制技术与应用

介绍了目前中国燃煤电厂锅炉烟气微细粒子的污染状况,提出了对微细粒子排放采用袋式除尘的控制技术,并在河南焦作电厂220 MW机组上成功运行20000 h.实践表明,直通均流式脉冲袋式除尘器可以有效控制燃煤电厂锅炉烟气PM10、PM2.5的排放,满足环保新标准的要求.     

生物监测法查找危害水稻的污染源

某镇的稻田因受工业污水污染而导致水稻大面积死苗,采用生苗监测方法直找污染源,用５个工厂的污水和污泥进行盆栽水稻试验,结果表明,其中两个工厂的污水和污泥有较强的毒性全对稻苗造成严重伤害;另外两个工厂的污泥也会对稻苗造成严重伤害,有关工厂采取严格的环境保护措施后,１９９７年的水稻受害面积比１９９６年减少了９５％。     

Field testing of particulate matter continuous emission monitors at the DOE Oak Ridge TSCA incinerator. Toxic Substances Control Act

A field study to evaluate the performance of three commercially available particulate matter (PM) continuous emission monitors (CEMs) was conducted in 1999-2000 at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator. This study offers unique features that are believed to enhance the collective US experience with PM CEMs. The TSCA Incinerator is permitted to treat PCB-contaminated RCRA hazardous low-level radioactive wastes. The air pollution control system utilizes MACT control technology and is comprised of a rapid quench, venturi scrubber, packed bed scrubber, and two ionizing wet scrubbers in series, which create a saturated flue gas that must be conditioned by the CEMs prior to measurement. The incinerator routinely treats a wide variety of wastes including high and low BTU organic liquids, aqueous, and solid wastes. The various possible combinations for treating liquid and solid wastes may present a challenge in establishing a single, acceptable correlation relationship for individual CEMs. The effect of low-level radioactive material present in the waste is a unique site-specific factor not evaluated in previous tests. The three systems chosen for evaluation were two beta gauge devices and a light scattering device. The performance of the CEMs was evaluated using the requirements in draft Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Performance Specification 11 (PS11) and Procedure 2. The results of Reference Method 5i stack tests for establishing statistical correlations between the reference method data and the CEMs responses are discussed.     

Analysis of leachate pollution index and formulation of sub-leachate pollution indices.

An index known as leachate pollution index (LPI) for quantifying the leachate contamination potential of municipal landfills had been developed and reported by the authors. It is a quantitative tool by which the leachate pollution data of landfill sites can be reported uniformly. LPI is an increasing scale index and has been formulated based on the Delphi technique. It provides a convenient means of summarizing complex leachate pollution data and facilitates its communication to the general public, field professionals and policy makers. However, it is observed that the LPI, like any other environmental index, fails to effectively communicate the details about the strength of various pollutants/pollutant groups present. In an effort to make the LPI more informative and useful, it is proposed to divide the LPI into three sub-indices. The aggregation of these three sub-LPIs will result in the overall LPI. The formulation and the application of LPI and its three sub-indices are presented in this paper. It has been concluded that the splitting of LPI into three sub-indices provides a better insight on the strength of various pollutants and can be useful to the experts in deciding various management issues regarding leachate treatment. The leachate characteristics of a UK landfill have been used as a case study to demonstrate the calculation of three sub-LPIs and the overall LPI.     

The current situation of solid waste generation and its environmental contamination in China

In China, controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste (SW) and hazardous waste (HW) has become one of the most pressing tasks in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the annual generation of industrial solid waste (ISW) in China exceeded 0.6 billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although ISW management has been strengthened in recent years, about 40% of SW is put in uncontrolled landfill without appropriate treatment. According to statistics from the national Environmental Protection Agency, the cumulative ISW uncontrolled landfill in China had reached 6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55 000 hectares of land. Although some major uncontrolled landfills were constructed, nonetheless groundwater contamination resulted from the use of low-standard liners and poor management. Furthermore, about 20 million tons of ISW was discharged into the environment illegally, and a third of this waste was discharged directly into water bodies, making ISW one of the greatest pollution sources for surface water and ground water. Environmental pollution accidents resulting from SW occur about 100 times a year in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because of ISW pollution. The practices of SW management, treatment, and disposal started relatively late in China, and for a long time the management of SW pollution has received little attention compared with water and air pollution management. China faces problems such as the insufficiency of management laws and regulations, insufficient investment, inadequate treatment and disposal technology, and a lack of qualified technicians. At present, most treatment and disposal technology cannot meet the requests for solid waste pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve environmental quality in China and to realize sustainable development, the safe management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge. In recent years, much attention has been paid to SW management in China, and investment to develop management and treatment technologies has increased. In 1995, the Law for Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid waste treatment and disposal began to be legally managed. SW treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and now operate in some large and medium-sized cities. In particular, rapid improvements have been seen in ISW recycling, collection, and disposal of municipal solid waste and regional HW management. All the figures in this paper are from 1995, and represent the situation in China in that year. Received: April 18, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2000     

利用生活垃圾填埋场上建设飞灰固化物填埋场适宜性探讨

针对利用原有生活垃圾填埋场改扩建飞灰固化物填埋场,从勘查设计和建设角度,通过与常规生活垃圾填埋的安全和环保各相关因素对比,分析扩建前后填埋场稳定性、防渗及导排系统等勘察设计要点,研讨扩建工程新老填埋堆体基础层、防渗及导排系统等安全环保关键技术及扩建的适宜性,为扩建的可行性研究提出较为系统的技术论证思路。